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The main work can be summed up as follows: Firstly, we studied the thermal-field properties of VCSELs, and analyzed the influences of current spreading, material parameters and operating conditions on the temperature distributions. Secondly, we began with the electrode voltage and calculated the equipotential s distributions, compared the distributions of voltages and current densities in different depths of VCSELs, and then studied the influences of the oxide-confining region with different position or thickness, and the different sizes of the gain-guided aperture and emitting window on the distributions of the injected current density, carrier concentration and temperature in the active region. Thirdly, we realized the coupling of electricity, optical and thermal-fields, worked out the threshold voltage, calculated the distributions of the injected current density, carrier concentration and temperature under different offset voltages, and analyzed the impacts of temperature profile and carrier density on the refractive index, Fermi levels and optical-field. Finally, we gave the equipotential line distributions with considering N-DBR and double oxidized-confining regions, and analyzed theinfluences of N-DBR and double oxide-confining regions on the distributions of the current density, carrier concentration, temperature and optical-field.

具体工作可以概括如下：首先，研究了VCSEL的热场特性，分析了电流扩展，材料参数和工作条件对于温度分布的影响；其次，从电极电压入手，计算出激光器中的等势线分布，并对不同深度处的电压和电流分布进行比较，研究了高阻区的不同位置和不同厚度、限制层和出射窗口半径的大小对电流密度、载流子浓度和温度分布的影响；再次，实现了电、光、热耦合，求出了阈值电压，计算了不同偏置电压下的电流密度分布、载流子浓度分布和热场分布，分析了温度和载流子浓度变化对折射率、费米能级和光场的影响；最后，给出了考虑N-DBR和双氧化限制层时激光器中的等势线分布，分析了N-DBR和双氧化限制层对VCSEL电流密度、载流子浓度、温度和光场分布的影响。

Based on the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, a routing problem is converted firstly into linear programming problem, and the equivalence between the routing problem and linear programming problem is proved.

基于无线传感器网络特性，首先将路由问题转化为线性规划问题，并证明了路由问题与线性规划问题的等价性。

Firstly, this thesis presents a brief introduction to the theory of functional equivalence.

本文首先对功能对等理论进行了简要的介绍。

Firstly, according to international project experience and information offered bylocal water conservancy department, the through section risk equivalency isdetermined.

本文首先根据国际工程中的经验和国内水利部门提供的资料，确定了输水管道穿越段风险的风险当量。

Firstly, a new equivalent form of constrained system is developed and the system is decomposed into two low dimensional uncertain subsystems.

首先引入了一种新的受限系统等价分解形式，把所给的系统分解成两个低维的不确定子系统。

SIS was obtained by firstly removing the tunica mucosa, serosa and tunica muscularis through mechanical erasion.

首先通过机械刮除方法去除粘膜层、肌层和浆膜层，初步得到SIS。

Firstly, Erasmus satirized and revealed corruption in Catholic Church through the form of literature and arts.

这种作用虽然是潜在的、不易察觉的，但却是不容忽视的。

Camera parameters according to the correspondence of feature points both in the image coordinates and the world coordinates with the camera calibration technology was firstly caculated. Then the main position of light source was gotten from the two erectness object and their shadows. Finally, the illumination effect of the virtual object in the light source with the position of virtual object and camera parameter was computed.

首先利用球场的特征点在图像坐标系与世界坐标系上的匹配关系计算出真实摄像机的参数；根据摄像机参数和场景中已有的物体及它们的阴影坐标来恢复主光源；并计算出虚拟物体在所求光源下光照效果的过程。

Firstly, we consider the problem of the representation formula for the transition probability density of a right process under Girsanov transform. Secondly,we consider the problem of the MEMMs (minimal entropy martingale measure)for Markov switching Levy processes, and justify that the minimal entropy martingale measure is obtained by some regime switching Esscher transform. At last,we consider the problem of the invariant measure and the ergodic property of recurrent right processes. This paper includes 5 chapters.

首先，我们考虑了满足一定条件的右过程在Girsanov变换下的转移概率密度的表达式问题；其次，我们考虑了由Markov调制的Lévy过程的最小相对熵鞅测度的问题，证明了其最小相对熵鞅测度是某个状态转换Esscher变换；最后，我们考虑了右过程的不变测度及其遍历性的问题。

Firstly, nurses, midwives, and doctors were re-trained in the active management of the third stage of labour, which involved the administration of intramuscular syntocinon plus ergometrine with delivery of the anterior shoulder.

第一，护士，助产士、医生再培训，在积极管理的第三阶段劳动其中涉及行政肌肉注射催产加上麦角与交货的肩关节。

Article 144 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain the policy previously practised in Hong Kong in respect of subventions for non-governmental organizations in fields such as education, medicine and health, culture, art, recreation, sports, social welfare and social

第一百四十四条香港特别行政区政府保持原在香港实行的对教育、医疗卫生、文化、艺术、康乐、体育、社会福利、社会工作等方面的民间团体机构的资助政策。原在香港各资助机构任职的人员均可根据原有制度继续受聘。

Small wonder, then, that the Chinese spend more in the shop than any other group of foreign visitors do .

这样的小惊喜，使中国顾客比任何国家的人消费得更多。