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The "product line---demand---consumers" pyramid" model combining with Maslow"s Need Hierarchy Theory explains the dynamic relationship among the luxury brand"s core products, the main targeted consumers and their main demand. Firstly, competition, sales pressure, market development and other reasons make the core products and product lines growing, namely downward to the bottom of the pyramid; Secondly, with the product line downward to the bottom of the pyramid, the number of luxury consumers has been expanded; Thirdly, because of the exclusive consuming demand, consumers" requirements of conspicuousness and self-fulfillment for the luxury goods are upward to the top of the pyramid.

因此，本研究结合马斯洛需求层次理论，提出了"产品线—需求—消费者金字塔"模型，说明了奢侈品品牌的核心产品、主要目标消费者及其主要需求之间的动态关系：第一，由于竞争、销售压力和市场发展等方面的原因，使得核心产品、产品线有扩大的趋势，即向金字塔下方发展；第二，随着产品线向金字塔下方发展，奢侈品的消费者数量也随之扩大；第三，由于消费需求的排他性，消费者对奢侈品的炫耀性和自我实现性要求则是向金字塔上方发展的。

Firstly, according to the effect of the integration time constant of three-phase PFC controlled by one-cycle control, the single and triple integrator realization are compared, and how to determine the value of the time constant is investigated theoretically from the view of switch voltage stress and system stability.

针对三相PFC中积分时间常数的影响，分别讨论了三积分器实现方案与单积分器实现方案中积分时间常数变化对功率因数校正效果的影响，并从开关电压应力和系统稳定性的角度讨论了积分时间常数的确定原则。

Firstly, the approach formulates a cost functional to turn the inverse problem into a constrained minimization problem according to least squares criterion, then the resulting constrained minimization problem is transformed into an unconstrained minimization problem by using a penalty function technique, and then the closed Fr chet derivatives of the Lagrange function with respect to the properties are derived based on the calculus of variations, finally, one can solve the resulting problem by using any gradient-based algorithm and the finite-difference time-domain method.

该方法首先以最小二乘准则构造目标函数，将逆问题表示为约束最小化问题；接着应用罚函数法转化为无约束最小化问题；然后基于变分计算导出闭式的拉格朗日函数关于特征参数的Fr chet导数；最后借助梯度算法和时域有限差分法迭代反演德拜模型参数。

Firstly, the problem is converted into a constrained single-objective optimization problem.

提出了基于粒子群优化的多目标Memetic算法。

The common characteristics are : firstly, these works reflect selective,consumption-oriented and commercialized nostalgia,and secondly,the popularity of these works is closely related to the establishment and expansion of the middle class discourse.

在这一章里，通过对陈丹燕、程乃珊等作家怀旧文本的解读，分析了散文类怀旧作品的共同特征：首先，这些作品反映出来的是一种被选择过的、用于消费的商业化怀旧；其次，这类作品的畅销与当今中产阶级话语的建立和扩张有着密切的联系。

Firstly, transportation by means of containerization had become prevalent in sea transportation.

首先，货柜运输在航海运输中变成通行的方式。

Firstly, we suggest using context-free language to describe the start code string of MPEG-2 and using minimum-distance error-correcting parser to correct the errors in MPEG-2 start code string. This method hasn't been reported elsewhere. Secondly, side motion estimation rule is proposed for temporal error concealment and based on the rule, many new algorithms are proposed. Among which, the temporal error concealment method utilizing overlapped block motion compensation and side motion estimation rule has exceeded the best performance ever reported.

首先，提出用上下文无关语言描述MPEG-2起始码链，用最小距离误差校正剖析方法进行MPEG-2起始码链的识别与误差校正，该方法国际上尚未有同类报导；其次，提出了用边界运动估计准则进行时域错误掩盖，基于该准则提出了一系列新算法，其中基于重叠块运动补偿和边界运动估计准则的时域错误掩盖算法达到所有已知算法的最佳性能。

Combined with CAD software development of grids,the design method of bolt-sphere joint is put forward based on geometry restriction and intensity restriction. The geomitry dimension of each component is determined firstly based on bolt diameter and contexture, then, maximal pull and stress of diversitied bolt are given after intensity restriction of all components is taken into acount.

在网架结构中，节点起着连接汇交杆件、传递屋面荷载和吊车荷载的作用，而网架结构属空间杆系，汇交于一个节点上的杆件至少有 6根，多的可达 1 3根，各杆件间的夹角大小不同，且节点各构件间的几何关系或强度关系相互制约，使得节点设计十分繁杂。

In this paper, fuzzy theory, Markov chain and RFM model are integrated to evaluate customer lifetime values. This approach calculates the profit contribution of customers in every purchasing situation. Firstly, customer purchasing state is updated contiguously by fuzzy theory and RFM model with transition matrix which represents the probabilities among purchasing states. Then the profit contribution of each period is computed by using revenue and cost data. Finally, the profit contribution of each customer is accumulated through some discounting consideration. This will construct the final customer lifetime values.

本研究结合模糊理论、马可夫链、和RFM(recency， frequency， monetary； RFM)模式，配合折现模式来计算顾客终身价值，其中模糊理论及RFM模型定义顾客之购买状态，马可夫链则推算顾客在每期购买状态改变的机率，然后推估出顾客在每期交易的转换机率，再结合产品的收益与成本资料，算出顾客在各期对公司的利润贡献，最后将各期的利润贡献折现加总，计算出各种购买状况下的顾客价值，利用此顾客价值就可指出哪些是对企业有利的顾客。

Firstly, we should build a high-quality contingent of cadres .

首先要建设一支高素质的干部队伍。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。