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Firstly, after the analysis on probability distribution of GenCos' bidding results, a concept of bid acceptance probability distribution function of GenCos is proposed; then based on the features of bidding structure in day-ahead and real-time markets, a multi-objective bi-level programming bidding strategy model in day-ahead and real-time markets for GenCos is built for electricity markets in which the step-wise bidding function and pay-as-bid settlement protocols are utilized; and then in order to solve the proposed model an algorithm based on Monte Carlo method and genetic algorithm is designed; finally, the simulation of numerical examples are performed to verify the correctness of the proposed model and algorithm.

首先在分析了发电商竞价结果的概率分布之后，提出了发电商竞价成功概率分布函数的概念。然后基于日前和实时市场中投标结构的特点，针对采用分段报价和按报价结算(pay as bid price，PAB)方式的电力市场，建立了日前和实时市场中发电商的多目标二层规划竞价策略模型，并设计了以蒙特卡罗方法和遗传算法为基础的求解算法。最后采用算例对所提出的模型和算法进行了仿真验证。

The fatigue reliability analysis for the 16V240ZJB diesel engine crankshaft inserving DF4B internal-combustion locomotive were carried out in thisdissertation.Firstly,according to the fatigue loads of the crankshaft,the bendstress and torsion stress at danger zone in rated operation modes werecalculated respectively.The stress randomicity of the crankshaft was analyzedrelating operation modes of acceptance,and the probability distribution ofstresses were obtained with statistical analysis.

运用本文所提出的疲劳可靠性分析模型(干涉模型-Miner准则综合法及弯扭复合模型)和经分析简化得到的材料p-S-N曲线和p-Sa-Sm-N曲面，分别按一维、二维疲劳应力及弯扭复合应力三种情况对东风4B型内燃机车16V240ZJB柴油机曲轴进行了疲劳可靠性分析。

Firstly, it came as a fallout of New Delhi's 2003 acceptance that "Tibet Autonomous Region is part of China" without being mindful of the official inclusion of Arunachal by China as part of Z'ngnan and Tawang as a part of TAR's Sona County.

首先，新德里2003年接受"西藏自治区是中国的一部分"而没有留心中国官方把阿鲁纳恰尔列为藏南的一部分，达旺列为TAR错那县的一部分。

Firstly, the acceptation of Authenticity will be discussed and a proper Chinese translation of Authenticity will be given.

对这个概念的理解也有助于探索和解决中国文化遗产保护工作中的许多重大问题。

It means that the accepter must decrypt them in triple-DES firstly, in RSA secondly, the order is rightly reverse to the encryption's order.

这样可以让数据对象的原文被窃取的难度增加，继而达到更好的保密作用。

Firstly,recognise all the special words from the training texts by finite accepter and add it to the final feature set,recover the original text as well.

首先对训练文本用有限自动机识别其中的特殊词作为特征加入特征集，同时将原文还原为不含特殊词的文本。

Our result firstly reported the complete 12S rRNA genes from Accipiter virgatus、Otus scops and Otus spilocephalus, and reported the partial genes of 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA from Accipiter trivirgatus、Falco tinnunculus、Otus spilocephalus and Caprimulgus indicus, which could provide some new gene data for the research of phylogenetic relationship in raptors and nighthawks.

首次报道了松雀鹰、红角鸮、草鸮的12S rRNA基因全序列，以及凤头鹰、红隼、黄嘴角鸮和普通夜鹰的12S rRNA和16S rRNA的基因片段。

In aspect of equipment management there are still a good deal of manual account records, the historic account management is in disorder, the checking procedure is onerous, and the communication between departments is not expedite, the link is disjointed between forepart management and later management, which result in longer purchase periods and settling accounts periods. As a result, some equipments have became useless when they firstly come into the management of capital asserts.

在设备管理方面仍然存在着大量的手工账本记录，各种历史账目管理比较混乱，设备管理各种审批手续比较繁多，各部门之间信息不畅通，设备前后期管理脱节，致使设备采购周期延长，设备报账周期过长，这样造成的结果便是有些设备刚进入固定资产管理他已经接近报废，设备管理不能正确记录设备的使用状态。

Firstly, the author point out the essential prerequisite of accounts designing, including the adjustment of accounting content, scope and classification.

首先，指出了进行环境一资源经济核算帐户设计的必要前提，包括核算内容与范围的调整、核算分类与分类标准的调整等问题。

Part two firstly introduces some regulations of WTO on market entry of accounting service industry, and analyses the practice of major western countries in the field.

第二部分首先分析WTO对会计服务业市场准入的有关规定，分析了西方主要会计大国在会计服务业市场准入方面的做法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。