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Operation principle of the 2×2 and 4×4 optical switches based on the two-facet reflective mirrors and micro electromagnetism actuator is introduced; N×N optical switch matrixes consisting of the 2×2 and 4×4 optical switches are designed based on Benes networking; the rearrangeable non-blocking feature of 4×4, 8×8 and 16×16 optical switch matrixes and their routing algorithm are analyzed by using the principle invented by Euler in Knigsberg Bridge Problem.

介绍了使用双面反射镜的2×2， 4×4光开关的集成光路设计和工作原理；采用Benes网络，以2×2和4×4光开关为基本单元的N×N光开关器件的整体结构，并根据&一笔画&原理，分析了4×4， 8×8和16×16光开关矩阵的可重排无阻塞特性和光开关矩阵的光路选择算法。

But due to the involved knowledges is very large and wide, including CPU, instruction system, storing system, bus and input output system etc facet, when students were studying this course, they would rifely feel difficult to understand the content.

但是它涉及的知识面非常广，内容包括中央处理器、指令系统、存储系统、总线和输入输出系统等方面，学生在学习该课程时，普遍觉得内容抽象难于理解。

objective to investigate the effect of radiography and method of operation on the surgical indication as well as the operation treatment of lumbar disc herniation and lumbar canal stenosis.methods the data of 300 cases with lumbar disc herniation and lumbar canal stenosis were reviewed from jan 1999 to dec 2004.all cases were treated by the method of minimal invasive open operation.the nucleus was resected through an 3.5～4.5cm in length.the sacrospinalis muscle between laminae was stripped partly and the part of upper lamina and the part of medial facet was resected.

目的 探讨影像学检查和手术方法对腰椎间盘突出症和椎管狭窄症手术方式和适应证的影响。方法自1999年1月～2004年12月，为300例腰椎间盘突出症和椎管狭窄症患者实施微创开放式手术，做3.5～4.5cm长的皮肤切口，剥离椎间的部分骶棘肌，咬除部分椎板上缘及小关节内侧缘后，摘除髓核，并根据需要做半椎板或全椎板手术或扩大神经根管和切除肥厚的黄韧带及神经管内的骨性增生。

Radiologic studies conducted in LBP patients and asymptomatic controls have shown a positive correlation between sagittally oriented facet joints and degenerative spondylolisthesis.48,49 In these patients, recurrent rotational strains result in myriad changes to the discs and paired l-z joints, including loss of disc height, osteophyte formation, and degenerative hypertrophy of the facets.90,91

放射学研究表明，下腰痛患者及无症状的对照组中，小关节矢状面方向及退行性滑脱之间存在正相关。在这些患者中，反复的旋转性应力导致椎间盘和小关节的多种改变，包括椎间盘高度丢失，骨赘形成和退变性关节面增生等。

In the lower lumbar spine,these numbers are reversed.45 Studies by Grobler et al.48and Boden et al.49 found a positive association between degenerative spondylolisthesis and more sagittally oriented lower lumbar facet joints.

Grobler 和 Boden 等人的研究发现，下位腰椎小关节的矢状走向的程度与退变性腰椎滑脱之间存在相关性。

The optical characterization methods were used in the study of the defects of transparent crystal in visible light and the near UV absorption topography method is used in the study of the defects and relationship between defect and growth facet s because scintillant BGO crystals, when suffered radiation damage,have a high absorption coefficient for light of short wavelength.

除使用通常研究透明晶体的光学方法外，由于BGO晶体在受到光辐照损伤时时短波长光具有高的吸收系数，因此还采用近紫外光吸收形貌法研究晶体缺陷，以及缺陷与晶体小面之间的关系，并根据BGO晶体的结晶习性和小面形成机理提出了减少和消除晶体小面生长及缺陷的方法。

Results: Axial scanning including vertebral arch can show spondyloschisis and other signs. These contained widened or stenosis of the spinal canal, stenosis of he lateral recess, the double margin sign, deformity of the lateral recess, the double margin sign, deformity of the intervertebral disc, denegeration of the joint facet and thickening of the ligamentum flavum. Scotty dog sign were showed in images reconstructed along the direction of vertebralarch.

结果：包括椎弓根层而的轴位扫描均能显示峡部裂和其他伴发表现，包括椎管增大或变窄，侧隐窝狭窄、双边征、椎间盘变形、椎小关节退行性变和黄动心忍性韧带肥厚采用平行于峡部的椎弓长轴MPR、MIP斜矢状面重建能直观显示峡部裂的典型表现－猎狗项圈征，正中矢状面重建能显示椎体滑脱。

Collar-bone hook nickelclad utilizes the lever principle and the intensity of nickelclad itself to oppose the traction force of sternomastoid muscle and avoid prolapse.As not damaging the acromioclavicular facet,it can avoid and reduce the traumatic arthritis caused by devices such as Kirschner wire ect.This method characterized by little wound,fixation firmly and moving the joint early is a effective method to cure distal collar bone fracture and acromioclavicular dislocation.

锁骨钩钢板利用杠杆原理和钢板自身的强度对抗胸锁乳突肌的牵引力，可以避免内固定物体的松动脱出，由于术中不损伤肩锁关节面，能够避免或减少克氏针固定等经关节手术所造成的继发性创伤骨关节炎，该方法创伤小、固定牢固，能早期活动肩关节，是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位行之有效的方法。

The patients can get painless free-running.Conclusion Collar-bone hook nickelclad utilizes the lever principle and the intensity of nickelclad itself to oppose the traction force of sternomastoid muscle and avoid prolapse.As not damaging the acromioclavicular facet,it can avoid and reduce the traumatic arthritis caused by devices such as Kirschner wire ect.This method characterized by little wound,fixation firmly and moving the joint early is a effective method to cure distal collar bone fracture and acromioclavicular dislocation.

锁骨钩钢板利用杠杆原理和钢板自身的强度对抗胸锁乳突肌的牵引力，可以避免内固定物体的松动脱出，由于术中不损伤肩锁关节面，能够避免或减少克氏针固定等经关节手术所造成的继发性创伤骨关节炎，该方法创伤小、固定牢固，能早期活动肩关节，是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位行之有效的方法。

The patients can get painless free-running.Conclusion Collar-bone hook nickelclad utilizes the lever principle and the intensity of nickelclad itself to oppose the traction force of sternomastoid muscle and avoid prolapse.As not damaging the acromioclavicular facet,it can avoid and reduce the traumatic arthritis caused by devices such as Kirschner wire ect.

锁骨钩钢板利用杠杆原理和钢板自身的强度对抗胸锁乳突肌的牵引力，可以避免内固定物体的松动脱出，由于术中不损伤肩锁关节面，能够避免或减少克氏针固定等经关节手术所造成的继发性创伤骨关节炎，该方法创伤小、固定牢固，能早期活动肩关节，是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位行之有效的方法。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。