查询词典 externalities

The world's twentieth-century shift to high chemical-input farming was facilitated by high labor costs and low input costs, including land and chemicals, as well as a shift away from a stewardship approach to a productionist outlook, and it has been enabled by the economic treatment of environmental degradation and pesticide contaminations as externalities, rather than as costs of production.

二十世纪，世界上的农业转向高化学产品投入，它依靠高人力成本和低投入费用辅助，利用土地和化学产品，以及从管理工作方法到生产者前景转变，同时，它由环境退化和杀虫剂污染的经济处理作为外在形式，而不是作为生产成本。

Negative environmental externalities, such as silting, ecosystem shock, and loss of antiquities, were also not considered.

当然，对环境的影响，象泥沙淤积，对生态环境的影响，古迹的消失等，也未进行探究。

Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all.

机动车辆造成的空气污染对所有受到危害的人强加了外部成本，通过污染、破坏材料、和疾病的形式：这种外部效果由于不能够补偿空气所引起，因此就成了一个对所有人免费的物品。

Family-hold contract system as an institution design of property right in the special history circumstance, shows serious delay in current country economic life, which is not exclusive, complete and deliverable, as well as unbeneficial, which is institutional restraint and encouragement function falls down and arises externalities.

家庭承包经营作为我国在特定历史背景下的产权制度设计，在目前的农村经济生活中表现出了相时的滞后性：它不具有完全的排它性、完全性、可转让性，表现出非效益性；其制度约束、激励功能下降并产生了较大的诸多负外部性，产权功能缺失。

The network externalities prick up the contest of suppliers of modularity and promote the course of value modularity integration and industry convergence.

价值模块的网络外部性加剧了模块供应商之间的竞争，进一步促进了价值模块整合和产业融合的过程。

In Chapter 2 of the paper, I prove that if the principal consigns a firm to manage the cultural relic, the exploitation should be much bigger than the social optimum because the firm should not answer for the negative externalities of the exploitation to the cultural relic.

本文第二章的分析证明，由于旅游企业不会考虑旅游开发对文物损害的负外部性，其开发会大大高于社会最优。

Oligopolies have incentives to form coalition when they face potential entrance. However, the coalition will impose negative externalities on the entrant, and makes him worse off.

本论文的研究表明，当面临着潜在的进入者时，寡头们就有可能从竞争对手变成合作伙伴，他们会结成联盟共同对付入侵者。

Based on the feature of network externalities, this article formes the game model of product lines and product pricing combined with the consumer utility function.

本文基于软件产品网络外部性的特点，结合消费者效用函数分析并构建了软件产品系列化博弈模型和软件产品定价模型。

This article analyzes the price formation mechanism from three aspects in the electricity market: the interests balance among the enterprises, the optimal resources allocation, the price flexibility and the external characteristics of the industrial economy. So, we have reached a core conclusion, that is, the integrated value of the electricity is the basis of the price formation. We can negotiate the benefit distribution among enterprises gradually and vertically by introducing the flexibility cost of the power enterprises, the use of the positive and the negative externalities of electric powers, the property rights decomposition of the power resources and the value re-estimation into the mechanism of the price formation.

本文从各企业利益平衡、资源配置的最优化、弹性价格及电力产业经济外部性特征等三个方面分析电力市场价格形成机制，分析得出一个核心的结论，电力资源的综合价值是电力价格形成的理论基础，将发电企业的弹性成本，电力正负外部性，电力资源的产权分解与电力价值再估算不断地引入价格形成机制之中才能逐步地协调电力市场纵向结构间企业之间的利益分配关系。

Although to reduce transaction cost of the international trade is a cause pattern of the accounting internationalization,and the institutional externalities provides the accounting internationalization with the forming possibilities,from begin to end,there are always having enforcements from the international investment,international trade and developed country to force accounting to be internationalized.

降低国际交易的成本对会计国际化具有诱致性，制度的外部性为会计国际化提供了可能，但会计国际化始终存在着国际投资贸易和发达国家的强制。

Putt your way through 36 fun-filled holes of minigolf on 3D designed courses with elevated greens, bunkers, bridges and water hazards, among other crazy obstacles.

您的推杆方式，通过36个有趣的填孔迷你的三维设计的课程，以提升绿党，掩体，桥梁和水的危害，除其他疯狂的障碍。

Some participles can be used either as attributes or as predicatives.

有些分词既可当定语用，也可当表语用。