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objective to elucidate the choice of three defferent ways as well as the clinical efficacy in the treatment of pilon fracture and different damages of skin and tissue.methods 29 cases were treated with calcaneum bone traction and small splinting,23 cases were treated with internal fixation,11 cases were treated with external fixation of ilizarov.results all cases were followed up for 8～31 months (15.3 months average).according to helfet criterion,the results were evaluated as the total excellent and good outcome accounted for 90.5％.conclusion the key point of treatment is rational selection of three defferent ways in the treatment of pilon fracture according to the typle of pilon fracture and different damages of skin and tissue.

目的 探讨pilon骨折的三种不同治疗方法临床适应证及其疗效评价。方法对2000年2月至2006年3月间治疗的63 例pilon骨折患者进行回顾性分析。其中开放性损伤15 例，闭合性损伤48 例。根据骨折类型与周围软组织损伤程度，分别采用三种不同治疗方法：跟骨牵引加小夹板固定组(29 例)均为闭合性骨折，内固定组(23 例)，外固定器组(11 例)。结果所有患者均获得随访，随访8～31个月(平均15.3个月)，骨愈合时间8～14周，平均10周。按helfet疗效评价标准，本组优良者57 例(90.5％)，其中ⅰ型骨折优良者26 例，ⅱ型骨折优良者15 例，ⅲ型骨折优良者16 例。

Methods Fourty-seven cases of Pilon bone fracture were were performed with typing according to Ovadia and Beals standard, and Type Ⅰ was used plaster external fixation; Type Ⅱ was used the calcaneum skeletal traction plus manipulative reduction; Type Ⅲ was used open reduction and internal fixation and Ⅳ,Ⅴ were used limited internal fixation combined with outside clamp stand, meanwhile the patient were introduced to functional exercise and efficacy was evaluated.

对47例Pilon胃折患者按Ovadia和Beals标准分型，Ⅰ型采用石膏外固定；Ⅱ型采用跟骨牵引加手法复位外固定；Ⅲ型采用切开复位内固定；Ⅳ、Ⅴ型均采用有限内固定结合外固定支架的方法，术后功能锻炼，并进行疗效评定。

The results show that: the input of the internal fixation implant should be in accordance with the compressive trabeculae and be clingy with the femoral calcar; the stress distribution of the femur under external violence explained why the old people are easy to get the middle and low part fractures of the femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures.

分析结果表明：股骨颈处的压力骨小梁和股骨距是重要的承载结构，临床医学治疗股骨颈骨折时，内固定物的放置应循压力骨小梁方向并尽量紧贴股骨距钻入；暴力作用时股骨上端的应力分布特点从生物力学的角度说明了老年人易于发生股骨颈中下段骨折和转子间骨折的原因。

The external fixator was a good, economical, effective and simple method in the treatment of femoral neck fracture. The three pins used in fixation of femoral neck fracture are important. The placement of the pins should be in accordance with the compressive trabeculae and clingy to the femoral calcar.

3动力髋螺钉虽然在固定强度上优于其它各组，但却由于手术创伤大、对股骨头残存血供破坏较大等缺点而限制了其应用；自行设计的外固定支架为一种简单、有效、实用、经济的固定方法，有一定的推广价值；穿针方向应循压力骨小梁方向尽量贴近股骨距低角度倒三角形钻入才符合生物力学原理。

The answer is, this interface must have a special header to define it as an external method callable by the Workflow.

答案是，该接口必须有一个特殊的头定义为一个外部方法，工作流程可调用它。

An experimental setup with two external saturated calomel reference electrodesand two flow cells was established for flow battery research application.

建立具有外置双饱和甘汞参比电极及双液流电池的实验装置系统。

A 125W UV lamp (365nm) was used as light source. The photoelectrochemical system consisted of three electrodes. As follows, Ti/TiO2 thin film was used as the working electrode, graphite electrode as the counter electrode and saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode. Methyl orange was used as the objective substance. The photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Methyl orange on the Ti/TiO2 thin film was studied .The effects of some factors such as external bias potential, ventilation were also observed.

并以125W紫外线高压汞灯为光源，Ti/TiO2薄膜为工作电极，石墨电极为辅助电极，饱和甘汞电极为参比电极，建立了三电极的光电催化体系，甲基橙溶液为降解对象，并对其在Ti/TiO2薄膜电极上的光电催化降解进行了研究，观察外加电压、通空气等外加因素对甲基橙降解速率的影响。

Cut the scalp along the sagittal line and turn it to two sides, take down the calvarium of one side along supraorbital margin, key point, the superior margin of zygomatic arch, external occipital protuberance and sagittal suture.

将头皮沿正中矢状线切开并将其翻向两侧，沿一侧眶上缘、关键点、颧弓上缘和枕外隆突的连线及矢状缝取下一侧颅盖。

Methods The new method of internal and external decompression and vascular bundle graft was designed based on anatomical structure for treatment of 37 cases of Legg Calve Perthes diseases.

为寻找合理的治疗方法，从1988年起，我们从解剖学角度设计，采用内外减压血管束植入的手术方法治疗37例，取得了满意疗效。1 材料与方法1.1 病例资料本组37例，男26例，女11例，年龄5～15岁。

The outermost layers of a woody stem including all of the living and nonliving tissues external to the cambium.

树皮 Bark 木质茎的最外层，包括形成层以外全部活的和死的组织。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。