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In the second part,we have mainly discussed the error es-timates of the numerical methods for solving ill-posed problem,including the error estimate of finite-dimensional regulariza-tion method in Chapter 5,and the error estimate of regulariza-tion-spline method for solving Fredholm integral equation ofthe first kind.

在第二部分，我们主要讨论了不适定问题数值方法的误差估计，包括有限维正则化方法求解不适定问题的误差估计以及用样条正则化方法求解第一类Fredholm积分方程的误差估计，两者均是目前还未有的结果。

It can be used to calculate positioning error related to baseline error and observation error. It can also be used to calculate convergent area and unstable area with given GIB network.

并以此详细推导了水面基线误差、网形对定位结果的误差分析公式和距离观测误差对定位结果的误差分析公式。

The article studied the intercept of tactical missile defense hands in meeting horn to restrain a problem, put forward a kind of kinematic geometry to analyse a method, derivation the analytic impact that the transverse error that the initiative position error of TBM causes and intercept make meeting part, analysed intercept to hand in meeting horn to be opposite end control and guide paragraph the influence of correct an error, decided can hit the target the intercept that the target allows makes meeting role range.

本文探究了战术导弹防御的拦截交会角约束新问题，提出了一种运动学几何分析方法，推导了TBM的初始位置误差引起的横向偏差和拦截交会角的解析关系，分析了拦截交会角对末制导段纠偏的影响，确定了可命中目标答应的拦截交会角范围。

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

Meanwhile , the measurement error of contact angles caused by the measurement error of droplet height , the bottom diameter of droplet and the turning error of protractor were discussed : Verification experiments were performed and the results obtained are coincident with the theory . Finally , hypsometry is proved to be more precise , faster and more convenient .

从理论上对这2种液滴角度测量法的测量原理和测量误差进行比较分析，分别讨论了液滴高度，底端直径的量取误差和量角器转动误差产生的接触角测量误差，并用实验进行验证，这些实验结论和理论相符，最后证实量高法更准确，快捷，方便。

The model of weighted LRIV for topology error identification and the method of calculating the weighting factor are formed. It can make the weighted innovation value of the topology error branch show up and improve identifying ability for topology error in little load flow value branches.

形成加权新息识别拓扑错误的模型和权值计算方法，这种加权算法使得发生拓扑错误的支路相应的加权连支推算新息元素值加大，可以改善新息图法对于小功率支路上发生的拓扑错误的识别能力。

Firstly, the residual error of each time step is calculated, and then the adaptation matrix is generated in accordance with the residual error. Through the proposed error index the on-line adaptive tracking of system parameter can be identified.

首先，每一个时间点的残余误差将被算出，而适应性矩阵根据残余误差产生，最后透过推荐的误差指数使得系统参数可以即时的被识别。

The tracking error is uniformly and ultimately bounded in the presence of initial error and bounded modeling error.

使得对于存在初始误差以及模型误差有界的情况跟踪误差一致终值有界。

Besides, the manufacturing error, clearances at joints, and input error also bring mechanical error.

另外，构件的加工误差、运动副间隙、输入误差等因素也使机构的输出存在着机械误差。

A two dimensional fuzzy controller was designed to keep the interelectrode gap at a stable and low value, the inputs of controller were the current error and the change of current error which was transferd from the error of interelectrode gap.

设计了一个二维模糊控制器，以进给速度的增量为模糊控制器输出，将间隙的误差转化为电流的误差及误差的变化，以此作为模糊控制器的二维输入向量，使加工维持在稳定的小间隙状态。

Shop assistant: Please check at the door.

店员：请您到门口柜台交费。

In the end, transportation of PAHs in the environmental matrix was preliminarily investigated and discussed according to PAHs data of soils and sediments from a certain region in Shanghai. The result indicated that there are two or more pathways on PAHs transportation in the environmental matrix.

最后，对上海特定地区内PAHs在环境介质中的迁移径途进行了分析讨论，结果表明上海市土壤和沉积物等环境介质中PAHs的迁移存在多种途径。