查询词典 erosion cycle

The soil erosion process on the slope was clearly divided into sheet erosion stage, rill erosion developing stage and rill erosion stable stage. Before lOminutes of rainfalls, the percentage of sheet erosion amount to total erosion amount was more than 90%, and it indicated that sheet erosion happened on the slope. This percentage sharply decreased before SOminutes of rainfall time, on the other hand, the percentage of rill erosion amount to total erosion amount increased in curve form with rainfall time.

在降雨前10min左右，面蚀贡献率约占坡面侵蚀总量的90%以上，为面蚀阶段；随着降雨时间的延续，面蚀贡献率先急剧递减最后在第30min左右基本达到稳定，细沟侵蚀贡献率则出现相反趋势，此为细沟发育阶段；降雨后期，面蚀和细沟侵蚀贡献率的变化趋势逐渐变缓且基本达到稳定。

The mostly conclusion is as below: 1 The characteristic analysis of the expressway soil erosion: Expressway soil erosion is different from conventional soil erosion and other soil erosion of exploitation construction project for its 4 outstanding features, including imbalance of soil erosion distribution in time and space; Presenting either threadiness or pinnate distribution in space; The quantity of soil erosion is large;Erosion form is complicated and frequency of causality soil erosion occuring is large.

具体得出的主要结论如下： 1高速公路土壤侵蚀的特征分析公路建设土壤侵蚀区别于传统的土壤侵蚀，与其它开发建设项目中的土壤侵蚀也有所区别，有自己突出的特点，主要表现为时间分布上不平衡；空间上呈线状或羽状分布；土壤侵蚀量大；侵蚀类型复杂，诱发性土壤侵蚀发生频数大4个方面。

The results indicate that, in either single or double blowing, larger erosion rate is mainly found in the slag line and near purging plug area of ladle lining; erosion is accelerated when gas flow rate increases; the erosion rate of ladle lining with double blowing is larger than that of single blowing; erosion rate distribution is obviously different as gas flow rate increases; in heavy blowing, serious erosion centers around slag line area and expands gradually outwards; as purging plug gets close to lining wall, malconformation of erosion rate in ladle lining becomes more prominent and the erosion rate of lining near purging plug increases.

结果表明，无论单吹还是复吹，较大的蚀损速率主要分布在钢包渣线及近透气砖区域，吹气量的增大会加速钢包内衬的蚀损。采用复吹时，钢包内衬的蚀损较单吹时更快。随着吹气参数的改变，钢包内衬蚀损速率的分布状况差异明显。大吹气量下，较大的蚀损集中在渣线区域且呈环向扩展；透气砖安装距包壁越近，钢包内衬蚀损不均衡性也越突出，近透气砖内衬蚀损加重。

The major findings of this research can be summarized as follow:1 The comparison of USPED model-estimated amounts of soil erosion based on four different scales of DEMs (1:250,000, 1:50,000, 1:10,000, and 1:5,000) indicates that 1:50,000 -scale DEM is almost as good as higher-resolution DEM data in providing needed topographic information for assessing soil erosion, whereas 1:250,000-scale DEM underestimates soil erosion mainly because rill erosion and sheet erosion are greatly underestimated.2 Since precipitation is the most important forcing factor for soil erosion, the accuracy of soil-erosion estimates understandably relies on the adequacy of spatially distributing point-observed precipitation data.

取得的主要成果如下：(1)基于四个尺度(1∶250，000，1∶50，000，1∶10，000，and 1∶5，000)的数字高程模型和USPED模型计算的土壤侵蚀结果对比表明，1∶50，000的数字高程模型与更高分辨率数字高程模型提供了几乎一样的用以估算土壤侵蚀所需的地形信息，而1∶250，000的数字高程模型，由于过低的估算了细沟侵蚀和片蚀，从而过低的估算了土壤侵蚀的总量。

The results indicate that the main erosion type is sheet ero-sion at the beginning of the rainfalls, and serious erosion happens after rill erosion appears. Accumulated sheet and rill erosion amount increases with the rainfalls time. The percentage of sheet erosion amount decreases and rill erosion percent-age increases with time. At the end of the rainfalls, the total rill erosion amounts are 4.3 and 5 times more than sheet ero-sion.

研究结果表明，降雨初期坡面以面蚀为主，细沟出现后，坡面侵蚀将加快加剧；随着降雨时间的延续，累积面蚀量和细沟累积侵蚀量都将逐渐增加，后者的增加速率大于前者，面蚀所占总侵蚀量的百分比随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减，细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加；试验结束时细沟侵蚀量分别为面蚀量的4—5倍。

The results are listed as following :㏕he best anti-erosion proportion of resin present is 25wt% in the condition of silicon carbide reinforced SMCC, while the alumina reinforced SMCC is 40wt%.(2) The better anti-erosion results was achieved with the ratio of silicone resin to acrylic resin containing hydroxy being 3: 1.㏕he composites coating tends to be more brittle when added in alundum particles. It also means that the maximum erosion peak of alundum reinforced SMCC tends to normal angle.甌he change of erosion rate of SMCC can be divided into two stages with the increment erodent velocity: the slow erosion stage of the beginning and the stable erosion stage.

首次发现：①SiC增强的复合涂料涂层，树脂含量为25wt％时，具有最佳耐冲蚀性能：Al_2O_3增强的复合涂料涂层，树脂含量为40wt％时，具有最佳耐冲蚀性能；②SiC增强的涂料，有机硅树脂与丙烯酸树脂的比例为3：1时的耐冲蚀性能好于1：1的复合涂料涂层；③Al_2O_3增强体使涂层变脆的倾向大于以SiC为增强体的涂层，即SiC增强的复合涂料涂层的最大冲蚀率出现在30°，Al_2O_3增强的复合涂料涂层的最大冲蚀率出现在75°～90°之间；④低速冲蚀磨损机理主要是弹性变形与疲劳；高速冲蚀磨损机理主要是显微切削和显微犁耕。

This case are same to light, moderate arid severe erosion type, which turn out to be a curve similar to Gaussian distribution, but soil erosion types at the two sides of the curve are totally different, in the left side of the curve, soil erosion are dominated by moderate and severe erosion type, arid in the right side of the curve, mainly soil erosion type is light erosion.

这种情况对于轻度、中度及强度土壤侵蚀的影响是类似的，都呈类正态分布的曲线形式，但在曲线的两侧土壤侵蚀类型是有本质区别的，在曲线的左侧土壤侵蚀类型的分布是中度和强度为主，而在曲线右侧则以轻度为主。

In the paper, we mostly studied the change of soil erosion process by a new REE tracer method, based on the theories of hydraulic mechanical subject and radionuclear tracer method, and simulated rainfall was applied to study the sheet erosion changing to rill erosion and the rill erosion process on slope land. The new REE tracer method should be useful to future studying of erosion processes on slope lands.1. Offering and testifying a new REE displacing method to study on the soil erosion of the loess slope.

本文以黄土坡面土壤侵蚀形态演变规律为研究重点，以新的核素示踪技术为手段，采用水动力学与核素示踪技术相结合、室内人工模拟降雨与稳定性REE元素示踪相结合的方法，利用先进的INAA技术，定量研究了不同雨强次降雨条件下细沟间侵蚀向细沟侵蚀的转变过程、细沟发生发育过程，为深入了解坡面侵蚀过程，建立黄土高原土壤侵蚀预报模型提供了研究基础。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

It shows that runoff is closely correlated with the features of individual precipitation, and it is also affected by vegetation within a short period of time. Raindrop erosion, sheet flow erosion and rill erosion on the slope are the main soil erosion patterns; sediment yield occurs mainly in flood season. Human activity and individual precipitation are two important factors that control the soil erosion at a small watershed. Comprehensive management on the slope in a small watershed is an efficient measure of water and soil conservation.

分析表明，小流域的产流方式容易随次降雨条件的变化而变化，植被因素在较小时间尺度内就会影响产流；产沙主要来源于坡面上的溅蚀、片蚀和细沟侵蚀，时间主要集中在汛期；人类活动以及次降雨条件是控制小流域侵蚀产沙的重要因素；在小流域内进行坡面的综合治理是水土保持的有效措施。

Although translator has turned from being a crystal ball by which the original culture can unrestrainedly penetrate to another crystal ball by which the target culture can freely traverse, the translator's personal embodiment, in the process of cognitive act, are still absent in translation studies. Translators are still subjects without body or simply disembodied subjects.

译者虽然由原语文化可以自由穿透的玻璃球变成了译语文化可以自由穿越的玻璃球，但译者认知过程中的个体体验在翻译研究中依然缺席，译者依然仅仅是一个没有躯体体验的主体。

Chillingly, he claimed our technology is 'not nearly as sophisticated' as theirs and "had they been hostile", he warned 'we would be been gone by now'.

令人毛骨悚然的，他声称我们的技术是'并不那么复杂，像他们一样，和"如果他们敌意"，他警告说，'我们将现在已经过去了。