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Based on the state of the art of spray cooling, the following topics have been studied:As to a cone-axisymmetric spray cooling systems, the spray area was divided, and the slip-flow boundary condition was introduced. Based on an assumption of the coniform spray, an equivalent continuum model of the average spray density was established.

当前的研究工作大多集中在实验研究方面，然而由于不同研究人员实验条件的不同使得各种研究结论有所差异甚至相互矛盾，有关喷雾冷却的理论研究相对更加缺乏，因此针对电子器件的喷雾冷却技术的理论和实验研究都尚有广阔的发展空间。

By means of equivalent transformation of conjugate condition, the conjugate mapping proc ess is separated from the concrete forms of generator and conjugate movement th us achieved intellecturalization and automatization of synthesis of conjugate cu rves.

通过共轭条件的等价变换，将共轭映射过程与母曲线及共轭运动的具体型式隔离开来，从而达到共轭曲线综合的智能化、自动化。

Aiming at the problem of equivalent conversion from conjunctive normal form to disjunctive normal form, an effective algorithm was proposed to construct reduction tree based on discernibility matrix.

针对差别矩阵求约简过程中合取范式向析取范式等价转换的难题，提出一种基于差别矩阵构造约简树的有效方法。

Under these conditions the conservation of energy is equivalent to the conservation of mass.

在这种条件下，能量守恒和质量守恒是相等的。

In order to reduce the conservativeness of the analysis and the design of the presented fuzzy hyperbolic H ∞ filter, the concepts of extended ε-block and λ-block are introduced and the corresponding equivalent forms are also defined.

为了降低滤波器设计的保守性，引入广义的ε-block、λ-block和其相应的等价形式的概念。

In a series of other articles (1940, 1941, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1958), which come together in his Revision of Demand Theory (1956), Hicks resurrected Marshall's concept of consumer's surplus and introduced and expanded upon the idea of "compensating variations" and "equivalent variations" as measures of welfare change.

随后发表的一系列于此相关的文章都收录在《需求理论的修正》一书中

The compensating consumer's surplus equals the amout of a lump-sum subsidy which the consumer, after an increase in the price of X has caused him to purchase a smaller quantity of X at the higher price, would have to receive in order to be lifted back to the same indifference level that he had attained when he purchased a larger quantity of X at the lower price

等值剩余 Equivalent Surplus ：在没有发生变化的情况下，如果某人被限制以旧的价格来购买如果没有补偿金他可能购买的物品的量，为使他能够达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应该给予他的补偿金数额。

Methods From Newton's equation and the continuity equation, an equivalent analogue circuit model can be derived for each small segment of the coronary arteries.

根据牛顿定律和连续性方程，用电路分析模型来表示冠状动脉的每一小部分。

The book is divided into 14 chapters, including Introduction, continuous control system theory, process and discrete sampling, Z transform, sampled-data systems, discrete approximation of continuous system the equivalent, based on mathematical transform the classical design method, based on state space pole placement design methodology, multi-variable system of quadratic optimal control, quantitative effects, the choice of sampling period, the digital control system modeling, digital control system for a variety of design methods, variables quadratic optimal control systems, sampling cycle of selection, non-linear control of the problem, as well as digital control system, a typical application - Disk drive servo control design.

全书共分14章，内容包括概论、连续控制系统理论、采样过程和离散化、Z变换、采样数据系统、连续系统的近似离散等效、基于数学变换的经典设计方法、基于状态空间的极点配置设计方法、多变量系统的二次型最优控制、量化效应、采样周期的选择、数字控制系统的建模问题、数字控制系统的各种设计方法、变量系统的二次型最优控制、采样周期的选择、非线性控制的有关问题，以及数字控制系统的一个典型应用——磁盘驱动器的伺服控制设计等。

Furthermore, the first-order optimality condition and its equivalent reformulations for generalized semi-infinite max-min programming with a non-compact set are presented using the lower-Hadamard directional derivative and subdifferential.2. Chapter 3 studies the gradient-type methods for unconstrained optimization problems. Section 1 proposes a new class of three-term memory gradient methods. The global convergence property of the method is established. Furthermore, in order to improve the convergence property of the method, a new class of memory gradient projection methods is presented with the property that the whole sequence of iterates converges to a solution to the problem under the conditions such as pseudo-convexity and continuous differentiability of objective function. In section 2, two new classes of methods, called gradient-type method with perturbations and hybrid projection method with perturbations, are proposed. In these methods, non-monotone line search technique is employed, which makes them easily executed in computer.

第3章研究了无约束优化问题的梯度型算法，第1节提出了一类新的三项记忆梯度算法，讨论了算法的全局收敛性，进一步提出了一类新的具有更好收敛性质的记忆梯度投影算法，并证明了该算法在函数伪凸的情况下具有整体收敛性，第2节在非单调步长搜索下提出了带扰动项的梯度型算法及其混合投影算法，这两类算法的一个重要特征就是步长采用线搜索确定而不象许多文献中那样要求步长趋于零，这样更容易在计算机上实现，在较弱的条件下证明了这些算法的全局收敛性，数值算例表明了算法的有效性。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。