查询词典 enlightenment

By the close reading of the first excursus of Dialectic of Enlightenment,"Odysseus,or Myth and Enlightenment",section one dipects five faces of enlightenment spirit that is calculation,positivism,logic,asceticism and hedonism,and analyses the dialectics of myth and enlightenment:technology and science has become an ideology, enlightenment reason has become instrumental reason.

第一节通过对批判理论的重要文本《启蒙辩证法》之附录一《奥德修斯或神话与启蒙》的文本细读，描绘了启蒙精神的五副面孔：计算、实证、逻辑、禁欲、纵欲，进而分析了启蒙与神话的辩证法：启蒙理性——工具理性，科学技术——意识形态。

Viewed from the perspective of modern history, this type of fiction was in the specious process firstly, and be given the role as a literary embodiment of enlightenment. It seems that country people were the "other" who was slept by the self-awareness of enlightenment. Villagers were signed as "country". This type of fiction actually incarnated the new culture ideology of May Four clerisy, therefore these enlightenment novels about "country" weren\'t "country literature", but "native literature" which didn\'t make effect of coming into country. However, their burden function and habit to ideology was inherited and extended by country novel.

单从对现代历史发展的镜像反映上看，它似乎最初曾被赋予了"启蒙"的文学载体的角色，好像乡村人是被启蒙的自我意识沉睡的"他者"，村民被符号化为"国民"，这种创作实际上体现的是五四知识分子的新文化意识形态，属于未对乡村发生参与效应的"乡土文学"，但是，它对意识形态的承载功能和习惯为乡村小说所接续并放大。

We should explore the historical, ideological, and realistic significance of the Scottish Enlightenment, which helps us to understand the Enlightenment's "homology" and "diversity","international" and "national character". Thus we can have a comprehensive understanding of the history of the Enlightenment in the18th century. It also helps us to grasp correctly the transformation of Western political thought and virtue traditions from the ancient to the modern as well as the debate of contemporary Liberalism and Communalism about virtue and rules.

探究苏格兰启蒙运动的历史、思想及其现实意义，有助于深刻认识启蒙运动的"同源性"与"多元性"、"国际性"与"民族性"，从而对18世纪的启蒙运动的历史有一全面的了解；有助于正确把握西方政治思想与德性传统在由古典古代向近现代转型的思路历程，以及当代自由主义与社群主义关于德性与规则之争。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对"法国化"倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

When American Pop art met the Chinese modernism in that very context, a certain mystery was produced: Pop art was readily understood as a Dadaist destructive art, while its cultural deconstructive property seemed to be ignored. By the early 1990s, due to the political reason, China had undergone its rapid social and cultural transition from Enlightenment era to consumerist era, while artists, who were still in despair because of the failure of cultural Enlightenment movement, found themselves confronted with a completely new economic market and their ideas mingled with those of modernist Enlightenment and post-modern deconstruction.

它以风格上挪用、平面化、去意义、去价值这类语言策略解构和消除现代主义的启蒙神话，成为与后现代主义哲学同构的文化思潮。80年代初沃霍尔访华，尤其是1985年劳申伯在北京和拉萨举办个展开始了美国波普主义在中国的传播，而这时正值中国85现代主义运动的高潮，启蒙和反叛是这一运动的主题，正是这种语境使这种传播产生了十分吊诡的意义落差：波普主义很轻易地被理解为一种达达式的破坏性艺术，而它的文化解构主义色彩反倒不易被体会。90年代初中国社会由于政治的原因急促地完成了由启蒙文化向消费文化的转型，艺术家们还沉迷在文化启蒙运动失败的悲壮气氛中却突然发现自己已深陷在一个一完全陌生的经济世界中，理想的失落和批判身份的丧失使他们的思想开始混杂于现代主义的启蒙建设和后现代主义的解构观念之间，于是，波普主义成为这个时代的一种自然的风格选择。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对&法国化&倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

This dissertation has 7 chapters. Chapter One introduces the tradition of historical narration in Chinese literature, discusses the relationship between fiction and historical narration, and the historical view of humanism in traditional novels. Chapter Two analyzes the historical view in contemporary red narrative, the origin of red historical compilation, hypo-realism in red novels of officers, and the features of taking personal narrative as revolutionary narrative etc. the song of youth is taken as an example to illustrate the secret of changing little burgesses narrative into revolutionary narrative. Chapter Three focuses on re-emergence and changes of enlightenment historical narrative and the historical sense of enlightenment. Tibet, implied times and the family of red corn are taken as examples to illustrate the features of changing from enlightenment historicism to new historicism. Chapter Four examines the phenomena and characteristics of new historicism narrative. The following chapter concerns the historical narrative by Yu Hua and Mo Yan, and historical sense of quasi-new historicism in Wang Anyi's Changhenge.

正文共分七章，第一章是对&中国文学中的历史叙事传统&的追溯：探讨了中国文学中&小说&这一文类与&历史叙事&之间的渊源关系，传统小说中的人本主义与生命本体论的历史观、其悲剧本质的历史诗学与美学理念、其循环论与非主流的历史伦理：第二章是对&当代红色叙事中的历史观&的分析：探讨了其&红色历史编纂学&的由来，红色官史小说中的&伪现实主义&、&把个人叙事装饰为革命叙事&的特点、其&革命&外表下装裹着的&旧式&的叙事模型等等，还以《青春之歌》为例分析了由小布尔乔亚叙事改装为革命叙事的奥秘：第三章是对&启蒙历史叙事的重现与转型&的梳理：分析了寻根文学中所包含的启蒙历史主义意识一一从最早的民俗学趣味、到寻根诗歌中&文化民族主义&的突然高涨、还有寻根小说中所包含的各种新型的历史思想，还以稍后的扎西达娃的《西藏，隐秘岁月》和莫言的《红高粱家族》为例，探讨了其由启蒙历史主义向新历史主义过渡的特点：第四章是对&新历史主义叙事的现象与特征&的分析，先是梳理了新历史主义文学思潮从八十年代后期到九十年代末期所出现的大量现象和演变的轨迹，而后分析了各种类型的新历史主义叙事的特征，其基本尺度、还有&新&与&旧&的关系等等；此后第五、六、七章分别就余华和莫言的历史叙事、还有王安忆的《长恨歌》中的类似新历史主义的历史意识进行了分析。

If investigating from Oe's postwar re-enlightenment conscious, we can find that the enlightenment conscious appears clearly in The catch and Nip the buds, shoot the kids, so they can be called apparent enlightenment writings.

如果从大江在《奇妙的工作》等作品中初露端倪的战后再启蒙意识的角度出发进行考察，《饲育》和《找芽击仔》这两部作品显示出清晰的启蒙意识，可以说是显见的启蒙文本。

The enlightenment campagne offered ideological and theoretical preparations for the Revolution, but there were great defects in the thinkers' theories of the enlightenment campagne. It was very difficult to realize those theories, and if they had been carried on, there would have been chaos and disasters.

启蒙运动为法国大革命提供了思想上、理论上的准备，但是法国启蒙运动思想家的理论不仅存在着巨大的缺陷和难以实现，而且一旦实施必将出现混乱和灾难。

But to use the word "enlightenment" to describe these fleeting experiences and a modicum of nondual mystic understanding is to cheapen the word "enlightenment" beyond all recognition.

但是用"开悟"这个词来描述这些短暂的感觉和一点点对非二元的神秘的理解就是将"开悟"一词粗俗化得面目全非了。

"Bird Man's Diary, Butting on the Love Island", Changsha, China

2008年"鸟人日记，顶在爱情岛"，中国长沙

As long as they were in the service of a family of wizards, their magic would remain dormant.

只要他们一天为家庭服务，他们的法力就潜藏不动。