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The synthesis methods of energetic salts and energetic ionic liquids(cations including triazole, tetrazole, bridged azole, hexamethyenetetrammonia, etc;and anions including nitrate, perchlorate, azide, tetranitratealuminate, polycyan anion, N,N'-dinitrourea, etc.) are reviewed, and the effects of cations, anions and their substitution groups on melting point, enthalpy of formation, density of the materials are summarized.

本文综述了多种含能盐和含能离子液体（阳离子包括三唑、四唑、双环唑、六次甲基四胺等；阴离子包括硝酸根、高氯酸根、硝基唑、叠氮根、四硝基铝、多腈基化合物、二硝基尿素等）的合成；结合其表征结果分析了阳离子上的取代基以及阴阳离子对它们的性能如熔点、生成焓、密度等的影响。

A novel isomer of furazano energetic compound 3,4-diaminofurazanofuroxan was synthesized by the dimeric ring-close reaction of transitional intermediate 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan oxide after the energetic compound 3-amino-4-chloroximinofurazan was treated with diluent alkali at low temperature, The yield of DAFF isomer could be over 66.3% and its single crystal was cultivated.

将含能化合物3-氨基－4-氯肟基呋咱在低温下用稀碱处理后发生过渡中间体3-氨基－4-氰基呋咱氧化物的二聚关环反应合成了新型呋咱类含能化合物3，4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱异构体，产率达66.3%。

The development of supercritical fluid recystallization technology used in manipulating ultrafine explosives desired and SFE developed for demilitarization of energetic material and RESS technology used in coating of energetic material were reviewed.

过程原理的基础上，重点介绍了近年来超临界流体技术在含能材料细化。废弃炸药回收与利用。炸药包覆等方面所取得的研究进展。

In this paper, the characteristics of supercritical fluid and principle of supercritical fluid extraction, gas anti-solvent, rapid expand supercritical solution were introduced. The development of supercritical fluid recystallization technology used in manipulating ultrafine explosives desired and SFE developed for demilitarization of energetic material and RESS technology used in coating of energetic material were reviewed.

摘 要：在阐述了超临界流体的性质和超临界萃取(Supercritical Fluid Extraction， SFE)、超临界流体溶液快速膨胀结晶（Rapid Expand Supercritical Solution， RESS）和气体反溶剂结晶（Gas Anti-solvent， GAS）过程原理的基础上，重点介绍了近年来超临界流体技术在含能材料细化，废弃炸药回收与利用，炸药包覆等方面所取得的研究进展。

Energetic particle deposition is one kind of thin film synthesis technique based on energetic beam, such as, IBAD, PLD, IBD etc, which is considered to be of good prospect for wide range of applications. However, comprehensive and systematic understanding has been hardly achieved about the growth mechanism of energetic deposition, especially low energetic deposition.

载能粒子沉积是以离子束技术和常规薄膜制备技术为基础而发展起来的一类具有广泛应用前景的薄膜制备方法，但受研究手段的限制，人们对载能粒子特别是低能粒子沉积的薄膜生长机制一直缺乏比较全面、系统的了解。

The energetic light from these stars continually ionizes nebula gas, while their energetic particle wind blows bubbles and defines intricate filaments.

来自这些恒星的高能光不断离子化星云气体，而它们的高能粒子风同时不断地吹向泡泡，产生了错综复杂的细丝景象。

By comparing and analyzing the solar and interplanetary data of two typical fast halo Coronal Mass Ejections, we have found that the event far away from Coronal Holes caused a great Solar Energetic Particle event, but the event very close to CHs did not cause a major SEP event.

通过对比两次快速晕状日冕物质抛射事件，分析相应的日面和行星际的观测资料，发现源区距离冕洞较远的CME引起了极强的太阳高能粒子(Solar Energetic Particle，SEP)事件，而源区非常靠近冕洞的CME则没有引起大的SEP事件。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

In love relationships this year, you will be very energetic and may very well attract a flamboyant and energetic significant other.

今年对爱情精力充沛，也很有可能吸引一位华丽的、精力充沛的、很重要的异性。

Tetrazine ring is an energetic nitrogen hexa-heterocyclic group with nitrogen mass fraction of 68.3%,so it is a very effective structure unit in the design of high energetic,insensitive materials.The tetrazine high-nitrogen energetic materials are new kinds of ones researched and reported widely at home and abroad in recent years.

四嗪环是一种含氮质量分数达68.3%的六元氮杂环含能基团，是设计高能钝感含能材料中非常有效的结构单元；四嗪类高氮含能材料也是近年来国内外研究和报道较多的一种新型含能材料，部分具有生成焓高、热稳定性好和感度较低等特点。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。