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J. Bickerman first elucidated the concept of autonomy in 1958, the problem has caught many scholars attention. In recent years, some important monographs were published. However, most of these focused on the genesis and early history of the concept in the fifth century B.C.. As for the concept in the fourth century B.C., it is only mentioned in the study of the vicissitude of hegemony, the Common Peaces, or the Panhellenism.

比格曼的专题论文发表起，国外学者对城邦自治问题就给予了特别的关注，近年仍有重要的专题论文发表，但大多数研究着重于公元前五世纪自治观念的源起，而在对公元前四世纪城邦自治问题的研究中，或只在评述希腊城邦霸权争夺或共同和约时兼论、或在论述泛希腊主义时有所提及，并未作为论题的中心。

Result: Eleven chemical constituents were isolated and elucidated as arctiin,phillyrin,forsythiaside,liquiritigenin,liquiritin,genistein,formononetin,daidzein,glycitrin,3,3′,4-tri-omethlellagic acid and chlorogenic acid.

结果 ：从银翘散抗流感病毒有效部位群中分离得到 11种成分，鉴定为牛蒡子苷、连翘苷、连翘酯苷、甘草苷、甘草素、染料木素、芒柄花素、大豆素、6 甲氧基大豆素、3，3′，4 三甲氧基鞣花酸和绿原酸。

Twenty-seven compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the stems of Pinus massoniana by means of chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated as 8(14),15-Pimaradien-19-oic acid (1), Pimaric (2), Podocarpic acid (3), 12-Hydroxydehydroabietic acid (4), Dehydroabietic acid (5), 15-Hydroxydehydroabietic (6), 3β-Methoxyserrat-14-en-21-one (7), 3β-Hydroxy- serrat- 14-en-21-one (8), 3β-Methoxyserrat-14-en-21-one-30-al (9),(24R)-Stigmst- 4-ene-3-one (10),β-sitosterol (11),-3-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-stilbene(12), 4-Hydroxy-3- methoxycinnamaldehyde (13),-Ferulic acidtetracosyl ester (14), Alkylferulates (15), Pinocembin (16), Coniferaldehyde (17), Matairesinol (18),-Nortrachelogenin (19), Balanophonin (20), Cedrusin (21),-Pinoresinol (22), Tanegoside (23), 1,2-Bis-(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diol (24),(1S*, 2S*)-1-(4- Hydroxyphenyl) glyceri...

同时对马尾松枝条的甲醇提取物利用各种色谱技术进行了分离纯化，并利用现波谱技术鉴定了27个化合物的结构，分别为：8(14)，15-Pimaradien-19-oic acid (1)、海松酸(2)、罗汉松酸(3)、12-羟基脱氢松香酸(4)、脱氢松香酸(5)、15-羟基-脱氢松香酯(6)、3β-甲氧基-锯齿石松-14-烯-21-酮(7)、3β-Hydroxyserrat-14-en-21-one (8)、3β-Methoxyserrat-14-en-21– one-30-al (9)、(24R)-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(10)、-3-羟基-5-甲氧基-二苯乙烯(12)、4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (13)、-Ferulic acidtetracosyl ester (14)、Alkylferulates (15)、Pinocembin (16)、Coniferaldehyde (17)、罗汉松树脂酚(18)、 Balanophonin (20)、tanegoside (23)、1，2-Bis-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-propane- 1，3-diol (24)、(1S*，2S*)- 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycerins (25)、(1R*，2R*)-1-(4-hydroxy- phenyl)gly-cerins (26)和赤松素(27)。

This paper discussed the pathogens, disease regularity and prevention countermeasures of maize stalk rot, and elucidated that the infection mechanism of maize stalk rot is primary infection source of Pythium spp under high temperature.

论述了玉米茎腐病的优势病原菌、发病规律及其防治对策，阐明了玉米茎腐病的侵染机制是腐霉菌在高温条件下主要的初侵染原，而镰刀菌因其超强的定殖能力而进行二次侵染，两种病原菌侵染致病的主要活性物质为糖蛋白毒素。

Methods Compounds were isolated and purified by various column chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis (IR, ESIMS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR). The inhibitory activity against the proliferation of HL60, REH and Raji cell lines was determined by using MTT assay.

用色谱方法分离栀子中化学成分，用波谱技术(IR，ESIMS，1HNMR，13CNMR)进行结构鉴定，用四唑盐比色法测定化合物对白血病细胞（HL60人早幼粒细胞白血病、REH人急性淋巴细胞白血病、 Raji淋巴瘤）增殖的影响。

Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods.

通过详细的波谱学分析及化学方法，对分离到的化合物进行结构鉴定，其中有6个新化合物。

Structures of seven compounds were elucidated mainly by the use of spectroscopic methods, especially by detailed analyses of 〓 and 〓 NMR spectra with the aid of 2D NMR spectroscopy including 〓 COSY,〓 COSY, HMQC, HMBC, COLOC, and MS techniques including EI-, CI-, SI-, ESI-MS and HR-EI-MS. Stereochemical structures of some of them were also determined on the basis of results of their NOEDS, NOESY and coupling relation.

利用现代的各种波谱学方法，特别是在确定未知化合物结构中起重要作用的各种NMR技术（-维〓、〓 NMR、DEPT、NOEDS和二维〓COSY、〓COSY、HMQC、HMBC、COLOC、NOESY谱等）和MS技术（EI-、CI-、SI-、ESI-MS及HR-EI-MS等），鉴定了这7个化合物的平面结构和部分立体结构。

This could be a fascinating method for the practical syntheses of chiral synthons as valuable building blocks and important medicinal intermediates.3.Series of novel optical pureγ-aryl-1H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives were designed and synthesized by using the chiral auxiliary(Oppolzer\'s sultam),and all these target compounds were structurally characterized by ~1H NMR,~(13)C NMR,MS and elemental analysis,at the same time,some representative compounds have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis.

应用手性辅剂樟脑磺内酰胺的手性诱导作用，设计合成了一系列光学纯的γ-芳基-1H-1，2，4-三唑类衍生物，所有目标化合物都采用了~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR、MS和元素分析进行了结构表征，同时也获得了部分代表性化合物的晶体结构，进一步确证了化合物的结构。

Bycomprehensive use of phytochemical isolation methods, 37 compounds were isolated 5from the methnol-chloroform extract of P. telfairia, by methods of modern spectroscopy,six compounds' structures were elucidated, including 2 kinds of fatty acids, 2 kinds ofsterols and 2 kinds of are esters of sterol and fatty acids. Five of them were reported forthe first time on the chemical constituents' research of P. telfairia. Otherwise, weperformed GC-MS analysis of the volatile fraction in this extracts, the result revealedseveral constituents such as alkyl hydrocarbons and methyl esters of fatty acids.

综合利用各种植物化学分离手段，从海头红的甲醇-氯仿（1 ：1）提取物中分离到单体化合物 37 个，采用多种现代波谱技术手段鉴定了其中 6 个化合物的结构，包括 2 个脂肪酸类成分，2 个甾醇类成分，以及 2 个甾醇的脂肪酸酯，其中 5 个在海头红化学成分研究中为首次报道；另外还对该提取物的挥发性成分作了 GC-MS 分析，显示含有烷烃及脂肪酸甲酯等成分。

The structures of the triterpene glycosides were elucidated based on spectral data, chemical reactions, and related references.

利用大孔树脂柱层析、正相硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20以及HPLC等层析手段，对一种辐肛参的皂苷类成分进行分离，应用波谱技术和化学方法，并结合文献对照，对所得的化合物进行结构鉴定。

In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed on the ocean.

在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因为无风而无法在海洋上航行。

As long as foreign donors pay the PA's salary bill, few expect a new intifada.

只要外国继续为巴权力机构的薪水买单，希望发动新暴动的人便寥寥无几。