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Faraday's law is that when the flux in the conductor loop changes, it produces electromotive force in the conductor loop, and obeys to contour integral law , Maxwell Curl Theory is that when the magnetic intensity of a certain point in ether space changes, there produces electric field at that point in ether space, which is the field mutual production theory of "electric field produces magnetic field and magnetic field produces electric field" in the free space which everybody is familiar with, and it obeys differential law , Lorentz magnetic force is that when metal electrons cut magnetic lines, metal electrons forced by move along the conductor to form inductive current, in fact, it doesn't matter whether coil moves or magnet moves, only if there exists relative motion between magnetic field and conductor, metal electrons must cut magnetic lines, which is,"coil stills while magnet moves to the left" and "magnet stills while coil moves to the right" these two situations are the same, which both belong to metal electrons having cut magnetic lines.

法拉第定律指导体环路里的磁通量发生变化时，在导体环路上产生电动势，而且服从围线积分律；麦克斯韦旋度理论指以太空间某点的磁场强度发生变化时，在以太空间的该点产生电场，即大家熟知的自由空间里"电场生磁场与磁场生电场"之互生场理论，而且服从微分律；洛伦兹磁力指金属电子切割磁力线时，金属电子受力沿着导体漂移而形成感应电流，其实，无论线圈运动或是磁铁运动，只要磁场与导体存在相对运动，则金属电子必然切割磁力线，即，"线圈静止而磁铁向左运动"与"磁铁静止而线圈向右运动"这两种情况是一样的，都属于金属电子切割了磁力线。

Electrons can be easily injected from thegraphitic matrix into the conduction rand of diamond under the high field which resultedfrom the projection field enhancemext.These injected electrons could reach the vacuumsurface and then emit into vacuum where the negative electron affinity or low electronaffinity could allow the electrons to re emitted more easily.

由于场增强效应，对镶嵌在非晶碳颗粒表面的金刚石晶粒来说，电子在高场作用下通过隧道效应越过金刚石晶粒与非晶碳形成的界面势垒，注入金刚石的导带，在电场的作用下迁移到表面，由于某些金刚石表面具有负电子亲和势或较小的正电子亲和势，电子较易发射进入真空。

The four fluorescence peaks are generated separately by the combined actions of the methyl parathion and the acetone. In methyl parathion molecule, there are the transition of n electrons in nitryl, the transition of π electronic structure formed by the oxygen atom and the benzene ring and the transition of n electrons in P=O group. In acetone molecule, there is the transition of n electrons in C=O group.

分析得到，四处荧光峰分别是溶剂丙酮分子中C=O上的n电子跃迁、硝基上的n电子跃迁、甲基对硫磷分子中氧原子与苯环形成的大共轭π电子结构跃迁以及P=S上的n电子跃迁共同作用产生。

Because of the nondirectional property of ionic bond and the fully delocalized property of pi electrons on carbon layers, translation will not change the electronic structure of carbon layers, resulting in that A-GIC and AE-GIC hare quite good lubrication as well. The electrons come from metals mainly transfer to the delocalized pi orbitals of carbon layers, and the increase of delocalized electrons will make metal graphite intercalation compound more electro-conductive than graphite itself. Because ionic bond between metals and carbon layers is weaker and its lattice energy is much less than that of typical NaCl crystal, so metals could be left from interlayers. The Mulliken populations of C-C in intercalation compounds are smaller than that of graphite, and the HOMO energy level of GIC is higher than that of graphite too. These Lead to that GIC will easier be oxidized.

由于离子键没有方向性，又由于碳层中的π电子是充分离域的，所以碳层不会由于平移而改变其电子结构，金属石墨层间化合物仍具有很好的润滑性；金属失去的电子主要转移到碳层的离域π轨道中，碳层离域电子增多使金属石墨层间化合物的导电性比石墨增强；金属与碳层间的离子键强度比较弱，其晶格能远小于典型的离子晶体，因而金属易从石墨层中脱出；金属石墨层间化合物中的C-C间Mulliken布居值小于石墨中C-C间的值，且金属石墨层间化合物的HOMO能级也高于石墨的HOMO能级，所以石墨层间化合物中的碳原子较石墨更易被氧化。

The value of current density and the apparent active energy of electroreduction of substituted nitrobenzene depend on the electronic effect of substituted group and space resistance. o,m,p-chloronitrobenzene will be electroreduced to azoxy compounds by taking three electrons, o,m-nitrotoulene and o,m-nitrobenzoic acid will be reduced to phenol compounds by taking four electrons, and p-nitrotoulene will be reduced to the aniline by taking six electrons. According to these results, the electroreduction mechanism of the substituted aryl nitro-compounds was studied in detail.

在电还原过程中，还原峰电流和表观活化能的大小均与取代基的电子效应和空间位阻相关，同时取代硝基氯苯得3个电子将还原生成氧化偶氮苯类化合物：邻、间硝基甲苯、硝基苯甲酸得4个电子将还原生成酚类化合物；对硝基甲苯得6个电子将还原生成胺类化合物，在此基础上，探讨了各芳族硝基化合物的电还原机理。

The experimental results from cyclic voltammetry and constant-potential electrolysis show that the mechanism of the reaction was two molecules and three steps electrochemical process with eight-electrons transferred: anion radical arose in the first step; two-electrons were transferred in the second step and accompanied with coupling reaction of radicals and protonation and dehydrate, the main product was azoxybenzene; two-electrons were transferred in the third step, and azobenzene was achieved.

研究结果表明，硝基苯在铂电极上的电还原反应为双分子八电子三步骤电化学过程：第一步反应为准可逆单电子转移步骤，产生阴离子自由基；第二步为二电子转移步骤，并伴有随后的双分子不可逆自由基偶合反应和快速质子化及脱水反应，主要产物为氧化偶氮苯；第三步是二电子转移产生偶氮苯的过程。

Resultant energetic particles such as electrons and protons rain down near the Earth's poles and impact the air. The impacted air molecules temporarily lose electrons, and when oxygen molecules among them reacquire these electrons, they emit green light.

极光是由来自太阳的高能粒子冲撞地球的磁场所触发的；其结果是高能量的电子和质子在地球的极区附近撞击大气，让被撞击的空气分子短暂失去电子，如果是氧分子重新得回这些电子，就会发出绿光。

Resultant energetic particles such as electrons andprotons rain down near the Earth's poles and impact the air. Theimpacted air molecules temporarily lose electrons, and when oxygenmolecules among them reacquire these electrons, they emit green light.

极光是由来自太阳的高能粒子冲撞地球的磁场所触发的；其结果是高能量的电子和质子在地球的极区附近撞击大气，让被撞击的空气分子短暂失去电子，如果是氧分子重新得回这些电子，就会发出绿光。

For all the transition metals, the binding energy first increased and then decreased as the number of d electrons increased, and the strong attractive interactions of these atoms with sheet was due to the interaction of valence electrons in the 3d shell with 2p electrons of carbon.

过渡族元素随着外层d电子数的增加，其结合能先增加再降低，过渡族元素的3d电子与碳原子的2p电子的相互作用导致了与碳管的稳定吸附。

In ancient times, when vacuum tubes were still in use, the A battery (often about 6 volts) heated the filament or cathode to boil off electrons, the B battery, positive with respect to the cathode, sucked the negative electrons to the plate, while the C battery, a few volts negative with respect to the cathode, tended to repel the electrons back toward the cathode.

古时候，还在使用真空管时，A电池（通常为6V）通过加热灯丝或阴极来蒸发电子，B电池，正极连接阴极，将负电子吸引到极板上，而C电池，只有几伏，负极连接阴极，将电子击回阴极。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。