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The camera length of electron diffraction in transmisson electron microscopy is one of the main technical parameters in designing electron microscope and the electron diffraction analysis to microcrystal sample. According to Bragg law, the formula of calculating TEM electron diffraction camera length is derived from the research on the ray path of electron diffraction images in TEM and the comparison on electron diffraction with ordinary electronic diffractometer. The difference of physical significance of electron diffraction camera length between TEM and ordinary electronic diffractometer is discussed.

透射式电子显微镜(Transmisson Electron Microcopy， TEM)中的电子衍射相机长度，是电子显微镜设计和对微晶体样品进行电子衍射分析的主要技术参数之一依据布拉格定律，经对TEM中电子衍射成像光路的探讨与研究，并通过TEM与普通电子衍射仪的电子衍射的对比分析，导出了TEM电子衍射相机长度的精确计算公式，阐述了TEM和普通电子衍射仪的电子衍射相机长度所表征的物理意义的区别。

Variation laws of electron movement with emergence angle and microwave electromagnetic parameters are also derived. The emergence angle of electron has significant effect on the movement of electron, and there is an emergence angle in which the electron has the maximum trajectory length and impact energy, Impact energy will increase and return time will reduce as increasing the amplitude of electric field, and both parameter would oscillate with the phase of electric field, which can essentially explain that multipactoring electron number oscillates in twice the frequency with the increase of microwave frequency, electron trajectory will change from parabolic-like movement to complex oscillation.

研究发现：电子出射角度对其运动状态有显著影响，电子存在运动轨迹最大的某一出射角度，该角度下电子拥有最大的撞击能量；微波电场幅值的增加将使电子撞击能量增加，返回时间减小，微波电场相位的变化使电子的撞击能量和返回时间呈周期振荡，这从本质上解释了电子数量在二次电子倍增过程中以微波频率两倍周期振荡的原因；随着微波频率的增加电子将由简单的类抛物线运动转变为复杂的振荡运动。

In chapter 2 and 3, experimentally, using the Angular-Resolved high-resolution fast Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer , at the condition of 2. 5 keV incident energy and 50-60 meV energy resolution, we measured the Optical Oscillator Strength Density Spectra for the excitations of 4p, 4s or 3d electron. The oscillator strengths for excitations of the valent shell 4p electron were obtained, and comparisons were done between presently experimental and previously experimental and theoretical results. The experimental results of different groups agree with each other approximately, but the semi-experientially theoretical results do not match with the experimental results. The delayed maximum in the photoabsorption spectra was discussed. It should arise from the transition of 4p→∈d. For the excitation of the inner-valent 4s electron, the discrepancies for the resonant structures in previous electron-impact results and photoionization results were clarified in present work, which confirms again that the fast electron impact method is suitable to measure the optical oscillator strengths. The autoionization Rydberg series 4s〓ns (n=5, 6, 7) and 4s〓nd (n=4, 5, 6, 7) were identified without ambiguity by the measurement at 0°, 2° and 4°scattering angles. The energy levels and natural widths of the excitations of Kr3d and Ar2p inner shell, including optically allowed and forbidden transitions, were determined. The widths of these inner shell excitations are nearly the same, which was interpreted by the Resonant Auger effect .

在第二章和第三章，实验上，使用角分辨的高能量分辨快电子能量损失谱仪，在2.5keV电子入射能量和50-60meV能量分辨下，测量了Kr原子由价壳层4p到内价壳层4s，再到内壳层3d电子激发的光学振子强度密度谱；得到了价壳层4p电子激发束缚态的光学振子强度，与前人实验和半经验理论结果作了细致的比较，说明几家实验是比较符合的，但半经验的理论计算存在问题；分析了光吸收谱中的延迟极大现象，说明在第一电离阈值以上几个eV范围内的极大值源于4p→εd跃迁产生的延迟极大；对于内价壳层4s激发的自电离区，澄清了前人实验中电子碰撞方法和光学方法在共振结构上存在差异的问题，再一次肯定了快电子碰撞方法是获得绝对光学振子强度的一种好方法；通过在非0°散射角的测量（如2°和4°），清楚地标识了4s电子激发的光学禁戒跃迁自电离里德堡系列4s〓ns（n=5，6，7）和4s〓nd（n=4，5，6，7）；通过在0°和4°散射角的测量，观测并标识了几个新的内壳层光学禁戒跃迁能级，得到了Kr原子3d和Ar原子2p内壳层激发态（包括光学允许和禁戒跃迁形成的）的能级位置和自然宽度，用共振俄歇效应解释了这些内壳层激发态（不管是光学允许还是禁戒跃迁产生的）的自然宽度彼此比较接近的原因。

In order to testify our whether correction to Rossi's exchange term andthe potential of electron and nucleus is reasonable, we calculate 〓 moleculeelastic differential scattering cross section by electron impact on 100eV, ourresult is obviously better than Rossi's. Then we calculate elastic differentialscattering cross section at 150eV. In order to check the program thatcalculates molecule excitation cross section by electron impact, we calculatehydrogen excitation cross section from ground state to 〓 state at 20eVand 30eV, oxygen excitation cross section from ground state to 〓 state at15eV and 20eV. These calculations are in agreement with other theoreticresults, and experiment measure. Finally, we calculate sulfur moleculeexcitation〓 cross section by electron impact at5eV,7eV,9eV, 11eV, 13eV,15eV, and draw curve of excitation total crosssection corresponding to incident electron energy.

为了核对我们修改的计算激发态的程序是否正确，计算了电子与氢分子碰撞从基态激发到〓态入射能量分别为20eV和30eV时的微分截面以及电子与氧分子碰撞从基态激发到〓态入射能量分别为15eV和20eV时的微分截面，与别人的理论计算结果、实验的测量值基本一致，最后计算了电子与硫分子在5eV、7eV、9eV、11eV、13eV、15eV时的碰撞激发〓截面，作出了电子的入射能量与激发总截面的关系曲线，找出了总截面最大时对应的电子入射能量大约是11电子伏。

Using the method we calculate the 〓 elasticdifferential scattering cross section, excitation differential scattering crosssection, and excitation cross section of electron collision with 〓 We transform the electron and molecule problem into electron problemby Born-Oppenheimer approximate. Mr Rossi, Dr. the Flinders University ofSouth Australia, calculated electron collision with molecule, but theexchange term he used become bigger and bigger as incident energyincreases, it is unreasonable, besides, the potential of electron and nucleus heused is somewhat rough. At present we correct these two terms. The potentialconsists of static potential, exchange potential, polarization potential.

电子与分子的碰撞过程的相互作用势主要是由静态势、交换势和极化势三部分决定的，这里对这三部分在动量空间中进行分波展开，推导出易于计算的表达形式，根据这些公式，并参考Rossi的弹性碰撞程序编写了计算电子与分子碰撞激发截面的程序，利用程序计算出势能矩阵元，通过求解Lippmann-Schwinger方程求得T矩阵元，便可求得散射截面。

To make picture clear, the electron beam that must come out to be being hit from electron gun undertakes focusing is handled, let electron beam pass electron lens, be opposite with optical lens of beam of light collect action likeness, the electron beam assemble that opens scattering rises, get on fluorescent screen one shines again small spot, add the effect of scanning circuit, ability shows clear picture.

为了使图像清楚，必须对从电子枪打出来的电子束进行聚焦处理，让电子束通过电子透镜，和光学透镜对光束的聚集功能相似，把散射开的电子束会聚起来，在荧光屏上得到一个又亮又小的光点，加上扫描电路的功能，才能显示清楚的图像。

For example of atom of hydrogen, it must be enough surrounding electrons so can be form a "electron space", it could be form gravitation among electron and proton, at first whole gravitation line may acts with proton ,but if the quantity of electron go to much ,every one can got gravitation line from proton would be lower, the gravitation between proton and electron would be drop, when it is reached fixed lever, this power is equal to expulsive force which between electrons , so it would be reach balance, the electron can't much more.

之间形成引力，质子向外发出的引力线本来可以全部同外围电子作用，但是，电子多了，每一枚电子从质子分到的作用引力线便减少，它们同质子间的引力要下降，下降到一定程度，此力等于电子间的斥力，达到平衡，电子便不能再多。

The five prosthetic groups (FAD, [2Fe-2S], [4Fe-4S], [3Fe-4S] and heme group) required for electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone were unambiguously assigned into the electron density map. Besides, we find there are some electron densities around the Qp pocket at the matrix side and we believe it represents the head structure of ubiquinone, which is proved by the inhibitor bound structure that 2-TTFA just locating at the Qp site. At the same time, we find there is the second 2-TTFA binding site, locating the inter-membrane side. This finding will change our knowledge about the electron transfer inside Complex II and the ubiquinone transfer between Complex II and Complex III, and endow a new role of Complex II in electron transfer chain.

除了对各个电子传递体（ FAD ，[2Fe-2S]，[4Fe-4S]，[3Fe-4S]以及血红素分子）进行精确定位外，我们在该结构跨膜区靠近线粒体基质一端的口袋 Qp 中，发现了一些电子密度，认为是所结合的辅酶 Q 的头部结构，这一点被与抑制剂结合的复合体的结构所证明，在该结构中， 2－ TTFA 恰好结合在口袋 Qp 中，同时，我们还发现了第二个2－ TTFA 的结合位点，位于跨膜区靠近线粒体膜间隙一端的口袋 Qd 中，这个发现具有全新的意义，将影响人们对电子在复合物 II 中传递以及辅酶 Q 在复合物 II 与 III 之间转移的认识，促使人们重新复合物 II 在线粒体呼吸链中的角色。

The maximum increase of electron temperature in ionospheric F region is in the vicinity of reflect point of radio waves, and the changes of electron density have increase and decrease. The time scale of balance of electron temperature is tens of second, which is shorter than that of electron density, that is 2～3 minutes, and heating time scale for electron is good symmetry with that of cooling.

电子温度达到平衡态的时间大约为几十秒，而电子密度达到平衡态的时间则较长，大约为2～3分钟的量级，电子温度的加热时标和冷却时标具有很好的对称性，而且热传导过程十分明显。

Movement trajectories of electrons under complex field and state parameters when electrons return to the dielectric surface are obtained by simulation,such as impact energy and return time. Variation laws of electron movement with emergence angle and microwave electromagnetic parameters are also derived. The emergence angle of electron has significant effect on the movement of electron,and there is an emergence angle in which the electron has the maximum trajectory length and impact energy.

研究发现：电子出射角度对其运动状态有显著影响，电子存在运动轨迹最大的某一出射角度，该角度下电子拥有最大的撞击能量；微波电场幅值的增加将使电子撞击能量增加，返回时间减小，微波电场相位的变化使电子的撞击能量和返回时间呈周期振荡，这从本质上解释了电子数量在二次电子倍增过程中以微波频率两倍周期振荡的原因；随着微波频率的增加电子将由简单的类抛物线运动转变为复杂的振荡运动。

Putt your way through 36 fun-filled holes of minigolf on 3D designed courses with elevated greens, bunkers, bridges and water hazards, among other crazy obstacles.

您的推杆方式，通过36个有趣的填孔迷你的三维设计的课程，以提升绿党，掩体，桥梁和水的危害，除其他疯狂的障碍。

Some participles can be used either as attributes or as predicatives.

有些分词既可当定语用，也可当表语用。