查询词典 economy of scale

Although these three systems are innovational, these have their theory origin. Especially, man-made scale of non-octave cycles breaks the structure of traditional scale and the limitation of octave cycles to be man-made scale. But it still keeps the characteristic of circulation cycle as the same of the traditional scale to be the sister of the traditional scale.

这三种创作手法虽然具有创新性，但都有其理论渊源，尤其是&非八度循环周期人工音阶&，首先突破了传统音阶的结构而成为&人工音阶&，进而突破了八度循环周期的限制，但仍然保持了与传统音阶相同的&有循环周期&的特性，成为了传统音阶的&姐妹&。

The main research tasks and results are as follows:(1) Through comparing the stress intensity factor of compact tension specimen calculated by finite element software with the theoretical value, the feasibility of calculating fracture parameters of crack tip in ABAQUS software was verified.(2) The relationship between the elastic modulus of the material and research scale was studied based on deriving the cohesive stress theory and other relevant theories. And the elastic modulus of the material on meso-scale was determined.(3) Global model and sub-model of the finite element were built in th...e macro-scale, and stress-strain field nearby the crack tip was analyzed, and the results show that the detailed stress-strain in the crack tip could be obtained by using the sub-model technique.(4) In meso-scale, the crack growth model was also established by assuming the crack propagating along the grain boundary, and the detailed stress-strain field in the crack tip was obtained.(5) The effect of crack length on Von Mises stress, and maximum principal stress and strain was analyzed in meso-scale when equivalent KI equals 30MPa.m1/2. And the results show that except for crack tip area, the stress-strain distribution in whole specimen is not affected.

主要完成研究内容和取得成果如下：(1)利用有限元软件计算出紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹尖端应力强度因子KI值，其结果与理论值一致，从而验证了利用ABAQUS计算裂纹尖端相关断裂参量的可行性；(2)在研究内聚应力等相关理论的基础上，推导出了研究尺度与材料弹性模量的近似关系，并确定了介观尺度上的弹性模量；(3)在宏观尺度上建立了全局有限元计算模型和子模型，得到了裂纹尖端应力应变场分布，结果表明利用子模型技术获得比较准确的裂纹尖端应力应变场分布是可行的；(4)在介观尺度上利用平均晶粒尺度的方式建立了裂纹沿晶扩展模型，得到了裂纹尖端断裂过程区的微观应力应变场；(5)当应力强度因子为30MPa.m1/2时，分析了介观尺度上在裂纹沿晶扩展过程中裂纹长度对Mises应力、最大主应力和应变的影响，结果表明，裂纹扩展长度对试样整体应力应变分布影响不大，而对裂纹尖端区域有较大影响；(6)介。。。

XRD and EDS analysis indicate that at static condition, the composition of the scale is CO3, while the scale changes to CO3 at dynamic conditions. The increment in flow rate increased the thickness of the scale remarkably, but had little influence on the hardness and Young's modulus of the scale. The fracture toughness of the scale exhibited the lowest value at the flow rate of 0.5 m/s whereas the adhesion strength increased with increasing the flow rate.

结果表明，静态条件下形成的腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为CO3，动态条件下的主要成分为CO3；介质的流动能够促进腐蚀产物膜的形成，但对膜的硬度以及杨氏模量影响不大；腐蚀产物膜的断裂韧性随着流速的增大先下降后上升，流动状态下内层腐蚀产物膜的致密性较好，膜与基体的结合强度较高。

Connected by strategic alliance, enterprises can realize the economy of scale, the economy of scope effect, the economy of speed and the economy of communality.

企业之间通过联盟合作，可实现规模经济、范围经济、速度经济和共生经济。

On the basis of those theories, take the economical development as the goal, the author treats that how the international trade promotes region economy development, including the domain of dependence economic structure constituent reciprocity, grasps function about the international trade to the region economy development mechanism, formulates the most suitable region foreign trade developmental strategy, Thus assure open rhythm of our country region internal economy development, from our country national condition, using the foreign trade to promote the local economy development, cultivate area trade market, promote economies of scale formation, enhance the productivity , meanwhile strengthen this local international competition. Those are important significance of theory and the practice.

在此基础上，笔者以国际贸易理论为导向，以经济发展为目标，探讨国际贸易对区域经济发展的内在促进作用，包括有关区域经济结构组成部分的相互关系，把握好国际贸易对区域经济发展的作用机制，制定最适当的区域对外贸易发展战略，从而正确把握我国区域内部经济开发开放节奏，从我国国情出发，利用外贸促进地区经济发展、培育区际贸易市场、促进规模经济的形成、生产率的提高来增强本地区的国际竞争力等具有重要的理论和现实意义。

This text accords with the country and sustainable development strategy of Tianjin, regard building the economy society of circulation as the long-range objective, has combined the economy of Tianjin and current situation of the development of the society. It considers the water resource shortage in Tianjin and characteristic of the resource inputting type city abundantly. It adopts the scientific and technological demand for the development circular economy in Tianjin of many kinds of methods to predict through the survey of typical enterprise and area. In addition, the great scientific and technological question that it has put forward Tianjin and developed circular economy, and the method to analyze with the level is arranged in an order. It has also proposed Tianjin develops the circular economy guarantee measure.

本文根据国家和天津市可持续发展战略，结合天津市经济和社会的发展现状，以建设循环经济型社会为长远目标，充分考虑天津水资源短缺和资源输入型城市的特点，通过对典型企业和区域的调查，在深入分析天津市发展循环经济的科技现状和差距的基础上，整合多种方法对天津市发展循环经济的科技需求进行预测，提出天津市发展循环经济的重大科技问题，并用层次分析的方法对其排序，进而提出天津市发展循环经济的保障措施。

This substitution of terms might be passed over if Say, after having explained what he calls political economy (which, however,is nothing else but cosmopolitical or world-wide economy, or economy of the whole human race), had acquainted us with the principles of the doctrine which he calls '閏onomie publique,'which however is, properly speaking, nothing else but the economy of given nations, or true political economy .

所谓"公共经济"，老实说，它的内容应当没有别的，只是属于某些指定国家的经济，也就是真正的政治经济；如果萨依在向我们说明他所说的政治经济是什么(实际上没有别的，只是世界主义的、世界范围的或属于全人类的经济)以后，使我们知道当他谈到一些学说的原则时他唤作"公共经济"的是什么，那么这种在名词上的代用，原也可以存而不论。

The members of all the district economy organization make the inner-reginal trade,the movement of elements,the speed of economy increasing constantly because of the advantages of arens, resources andmutual supplements of economy structures, Meantime,the members, who is not in the exclusivism andtrade protectionism, So china must make strong economic relationship between the countries ane areas nearby in order to develop the economy stably and taking eonomic cooperation and join the system of inter-reginal economy cooperation.

随着世界经济呈现出区域化、集团化的趋势，区域经济圈在世界经济中所占的地位也在逐步提高，各区域经济组织成员由于地缘、资源优势、经济结构互补等原因，使得区域内部的贸易、要素流动、经济增长速度不断增加，同时，对于区域经济组织外的非成员则不可避免地造成排外主义及贸易保护主义。

Now, in the interest of development of ecological economy and come true the economy ecologization, we must inosculate the market economy and the ecological economy. Therefore, this absolutely asks us to explore many theories and practice problem of market economy by the fire-new ideas.

现在，我们要把市场经济与生态经济两者融合起来，发展生态经济，实现经济生态化，这无疑要求我们要以全新的理念去探索市场经济的许多理论和实践问题。

The creation point of this article is: first, it broke the traditional idea that peasant workers are common village labor force and human resources. It comprehends the knowledge of human capital economics and the city peasant workers, pointing that peasant workers is the most important part in country human capital, is an extremely important question in fully building well-off society. Second, we calculated the peasant workers\' human capital revenue rate by using Mincer model. Thirdly, we point out that country human capital is the new developing region in China economy, enriched the theory of village economy, labor economy, human biology economy, human resource and human capital economy.

本文的创新点在于：一是首次将明瑟模型中计算人力资本收益率的方法应用到城市农民工当中，计算了城市农民工人力资本收益率；二是突破了农民工只是一般农村劳动力和人力资源的传统观念，将人力资本经济学内容同城市农民工相结合，提出城市农民工人力资本转化存在的可能性以及如何促成其完成该转化，提出了农民工是乡城人力资本的重要组成部分，而农民工人力资本转化是我国实现从人口大国到人力资源大国进而到人力资本大国的关键之所在；三提出了农民工人力资本是我国经济发展的新增长阈的新观点，丰富了农业与农村经济、劳动经济、人口生态经济、人力资源与人力资本经济等学科的理论。

And still optimized a lot of, this is very marvellous to your site!

而且还优化了许多，这对你的站点来说是非常棒的！

The mountainous environment was partitioned into four types and their different features were analyzed.

把山地环境划分为4种类型，并对各自的特点进行了分析。