查询词典 economic cycle

The history of acknowledging the existence of business cycle fluctuation in economic development is not very long in China.

在我国，承认经济发展中存在周期波动现象的时间并不很长，由于众所周知的原因，在改革开放之前，人们对我国经济发展过程中出现的周期波动现象一直。。。

The document construct a general equilibrium model of life cycle savings combined with endogenous growth to proof the economic effects of Chinese population aging based on the analysis.

在定性分析的基础上，本文构建了一个含有人口老龄化因素的经济增长模型，用数理推导的方法来论证人口老龄化对经济增长的作用效应。

The research results suggest that:(1)the factors influence the control of IOR including economic,social and technological factors;(2)the application of interorganizational systems should focus on both technological and non-technological factors;(3)the stronger dependency between organizations, the more effective of the IOS reducing the coordination costs;(4)usually the investment of firms in interorganizational relationship is reciprocal;(5)the appicaton of IT changes the dependency between organizations, which should modify the coordination mechanism, resulting in the change of IOR;(6)the coordination cost affects the effectiveness of coordination among firms;(7) maintaining the interorganizational relationship influences the firms'' network life cycle and matureness;(8)both coordination cost and network size of firms affect sharing mechanisn of the costs and benefits for creating and maintaining interoganizational relationship;(9) the influence of coordination costs to the allocation of super profits deriving from interorganizational relationship is depent on the network topology;(10) the core firm in a network prefer the symmetric network.

我们的研究成果表明：（1）影响管理与控制IOR治理结构的因素有经济因素、社会学因素以及技术因素；（2）在应用组织际信息系统时，要同时关注技术和非技术的影响因素；（3）当组织之间存在较强的依赖关系时，组织际信息系统的应用能够有效减少组织之间的协调成本；当组织之间的依赖关系较弱时，组织际信息系统的应用会加深组织之间被对方侵占的风险，无法显著地减少组织际协调成本；（4）在通常情况下，参与组织际关系的成员的投资是互补的；（5）IT的应用会改变组织间的相互依赖性，组织应调整协调机制，而协调机制的变化会改变IOR；（6）协调成本的大小对协调有效性有着很大影响；（7）组织际关系的维护影响组织网络的生命周期和成熟度；（8）影响组织际关系建立和维护的成本分担和利益共享方案的因素不仅仅跟协调成本有关，而且还与网络规模有关；（9）在对称网络拓扑结构与非对称网络拓扑结构下，协调成本对超额回报分配的影响是不同的；（10）核心企业倾向于选择非对称的网络结构。

Furthermore , it also needs to guarantee the quality of economic growth making the economy system and ecology system of the city cycle in a benignant way the city ' s economy system and the ecological environment develop coordinately

也就是说，生态城市要有合理的产业结构、能源结构和生产布局，使城市的经济系统和生态系统能协调发展，形成良性循环，实现城市经济社会与生态环境效益的统一。

To meet the needs for scientific, technological and socio-economic development in China, we proposed the four areas that the Chinese scientists should focus their study of global change and terrestrial ecosystems in future, including:(1) Metabolism and coupling mechanism of key life elements in terrestrial ecosystems in China;(2) Implications of terrestrial ecosystems in areas sensitive to global change and in important transects on global change;(3) Interactions between biogeochemical cycle of C, N, P, S in China and global change; and (4) Development of regional dynamic vegetation model which meets the actual needs of China.

中国学者在全球变化与陆地生态系统研究领域也开展了许多工作并取得了重要成绩。按照我国科学技术和社会经济发展的需求，本文提出了未来我国在该领域的研究重点，包括（1）中国陆地生态系统重要生命元素的代谢及其耦合机制研究；（2）全球变化敏感区域或重要样带上陆地生态系统对全球变化的影响研究；（3）我国的C、N、P、S生物地球化学循环与全球变化的关系研究；（4）发展中国特色的区域植被动态模型。

To meet the needs for scientific, technological and socio-economic development in China, we proposed four areas on which the Chinese scientists should focus their study of global change and terrestrial ecosystems in future, including:(1) Metabolism and coupling mechanism of key life elements in terrestrial ecosystems in China;(2) Implications of terrestrial ecosystems in areas sensitive to global change and in important transects on global change;(3) Interactions between biogeochemical cycle of C, N, P, S in China and global change; and (4) Development of regional dynamic vegetation model which meets the actual needs of China.

中国学者在全球变化与陆地生态系统研究领域也开展了许多工作并取得了重要成绩。按照我国科学技术和社会经济发展的需求，提出了未来我国在该领域的研究重点，包括①中国陆地生态系统重要生命元素的代谢及其耦合机制研究；②全球变化敏感区域或重要样带上陆地生态系统对全球变化的影响研究；③我国的C、N、P、S生物地球化学循环与全球变化的关系研究；④发展中国特色的区域植被动态模型。

Rich fund杨贵宾also pointed out that with the economic downturn at home and abroad as well as the bulk commodity prices, inflation worries have been dissipated, and on this basis both at home and abroad have entered the rate cut cycle, so the bond market continue to raise the value of the hub, the bond market to continued to rise.

雄厚的资金杨贵宾还指出，随着国内经济不景气，国外以及大宗商品价格上涨，通货膨胀的忧虑已经消退，并在此在国内和国外的基础上已进入降息周期，债券市场不断提高中心的价值，债券市场继续上升。

The conclusion is that the present economic level of China is approximately equal to that of the developed countries in 1970s, and the present Chinese FDI outflow is approximately equal to that of the developed countries between 1960s and 1970s, and that the Chinese FDI outflow lags behind its economic development. In its demonstration of the industrial transfer limit theory, the paper puts forward its main viewpoint, namely, FDI is a means of transferring behindhand industry and heightening industrial structure adopted by developed countries, but this type of industrial transfer will not move in a cycle and the limit of the transfer will occur inevitably. In other words, FDI is not a means of improving industrial structure for such big developing countries as China and India. The paper, too, advances the theory of institution advantage, holding that the development of Chinese TNCs will not be explained reasonably unless institution advantage is entered into the OIL paradigm. This theory enriches and complements the theory of TNC.

这种研究在笔者所查阅的资料文献中尚属少见，其基本结论是，中国的经济发展相当于发达国家1970年代的水平，但中国对外的FDI相当于其1960 ~1970年代的水平，相显滞后；本文论证了产业转移极限论，主要观点是，对外进行FDI是发达国家转移落后产业，提升自己产业结构的手段，但这种产业转移不能顺次循环下去，必然会出现转移的极限，即对外直接投资不会是中国、印度等较大的发展中国家提升产业结构的手段；本文还提出了制度优势论的观点，即在OIL范式中，还须增加制度优势，方能对中国的跨国公司成长做出合理的解释，这是对跨国公司理论的一个完善和补充。

The person great majority that supports the first kind of idea is the country comes loose raise door, cycle of produce and sale of hunt of opposite of this part person is not familiar, shortsighted, still means of thinking of tradition of continue to use, their practice is, the mount a horse when the economic benefits that raise a pig is good, economic benefits needs nowadays horse.

持第一种观念的人大多数是农村散养户，这部分人对生猎产销周期不熟悉，目光短浅，仍沿用传统思维方式，他们的做法是，养猪经济效益好时上马，经济效益差时下马。

Traditional mould emerges a shortcoming of the high cost、the long machining-cycle and the bad flexibleness .In order to adapt the trend of economic development, enterprises increase to the research of rapidly making the economic die.

传统机加工模具成本高、加工周期长、柔性差的缺点凸现出来，企业为了适应这种发展趋势，开始加大开发快速制作经济模具技术的研究力度。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。