查询词典 dynasties

As the main streamofthe Chinese traditional culture ,Confucian ethics has establishedits"basic morality"or"mother morality"dur—ing the historical development of more than 2000years·The Confucianismthat flies its own color was formedthroughthe contention of a hundredschools ofthought duringthe pre －Qin period·When Dong Zhongshu made his suggestionthat restrained all the other schools but onlyrespectedConfucianismin Han Dynasty,the dominant position of Confucianismwas establishedin Chinese society·By virtue ofincorporatingthings of di—verse nature with unity of opposites inthe later dynasties ,the idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming Dynasties was developed which madeConfucianism,aoismand Buddhisminto a confluence unity·And the development of the modern Chinese society that criticized Confucianistthought would promote us to make ati melyreflection ofthe Confucianist ethics·Jung's analytical psychology provides us with aspecial angle ofresearchfor the comparison ofthe moral ideas between East and West

作为中国传统文化之主体的儒家伦理，已经确立了中国传统文化的"基德"或"母德"，这是在长达2000多年历史发展中形成的，经过先秦时期的百家争鸣，形成了独树一帜的儒家思想，董仲舒提出"抑黜百家、独尊儒术"的建议，确立了儒家在中国社会的统治地位。经过以后历代的兼收并蓄和对立融合，发展成为儒、道、佛融合一体的宋明理学，近代中国社会对儒家思想的批判性发展，促使人们对儒家伦理思想进行时代的反思。荣格的分析心理学思想为东西方道德观的比较提供了一种独特的研究视角。

During the Flavian and Antonine dynasties,the events that the army intervened the political life took place scarcely because of the strengthening of the power of emperors and the consolidation of monarchy,the changing of the composition of the army,the improvement of the soldiers' treatment and service conditions,as well as the valid control of emperors to the army.the Roman army kept stable in the majority time of these two dynasties.

从几乎保存完好的万神庙（始建于公元前27年，118年至128年重建）——地中海古代文明唯一保留下来的园顶建筑，到宏伟的罗马斗兽场（完工于80年）——古代最大的圆形露天剧场，是角斗士角斗和其他表演的舞台，整个城市到处可见由著名艺术家建造的宏伟历史建筑、广场、喷泉和方尖碑。罗马市-维基百科，自由的百科全书罗马市作为欧洲最大的文化城市之一，拥有伊特鲁里亚时代至今不计其数的历史遗迹，是伊特鲁里亚时代王朝和罗马早期至晚期的历史见证，罗马帝国同样也给这座城市留下了无数珍贵的历史财富。

The author firstly combs the teachers sources of Shuyuan in Ming and Qing dynasties, points out that there are four main sources for it, and concludes that making full use of social resources is a valid path to solve the problem of teachers sources then.Secondly, the present research consults Shuyuan teachers employment way in Ming and Qing dynasties, combs its three ways and deeply inquires into the subjective and objective condition for them.Thirdly, the present research analyses Shuyuan teaching characteristics, management and promotion, sums up seven main teaching characteristics and analyses the advantage and disadvantage of them,Further more , the present research consults Shuyuan teachers management and promotion, makes an analysis on its historic courses why it"s informal.Finally, the present research analyses the Shuyuan teachers" economic treatment, social status and the influence and effect made to the politics, economy, military, social life and cultural education where they were situated in Ming and Qing dynasties, and concludes that the Shuyuan teachers in Ming and Qing dynasties actively participated in the local social activities in their peculiar upper class gentlemanship and greatly influenced and promoted the policy making and carrying out of the local public affairs, meanwhile, they promoted the communication and development of local learning and culture , and trained quite many men for profession for the locals.

作者首先对明清时期书院教师的来源进行了梳理，指出了明清书院教师的四种主要来源，认为充分利用社会资源是明清书院解决教师来源的有效途径；其次，对明清时期书院教师的聘用方式进行了历史考察，梳理出明清时期书院存在着三种教师聘用方式，深入探讨了这三种方式并存的主客观条件；再次，对明清时期书院教师的教学特点进行了分析，归纳出七个主要教学特点，并说明其利弊；此外，探讨了明清时期书院教师的管理及升迁问题，分析了其存在的不规范性的历史原因；最后，剖析了明清时期书院教师的经济待遇、社会地位及对书院所在地的政治、经济、军事及社会生活与文化教育所可能产生的作用与影响，得出明清书院教师以自己特有的上层绅士身份与地位积极地参与到当地社会生活之中，并在相当程度上影响与促进了地方公共事务的决策与实施；同时，他们促进了当地学术及文化的交流与发展，为当地培养出了大批的杰出人才。

In the course of the contention over the Intermediate Zone with Southern dynasties, for the advantage of advancing toward the south, Northern Wei took vigorous action to cooperation with the chieves of Man natality Huan Dan and Tian Yizong, who lived in the Zone between Northern Wei and Southern Dynasties.

北魏在和南方政权争夺中间地带的过程中，积极与处于中间地带的蛮族首领桓诞、田益宗合作，以利南进。

Chapter One, Prolusion: At the beginning, it introduces the developing survey of the academies, from its appearance in Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, North and South Song Dynasties, and Yuan, Ming, Qing Dynasties.

第一章是《绪论》：首先介绍书院自唐代出现后，历经五代、两宋、元明清的发展概况。

Succeeding the Taoism of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi during the pre-Qin period, and basing on critique and reconstruction of the cosmogenesis of the Confucian Classics School in Han Dynasty, the thinkers of the Wei -Jin Metaphysics set up a theoretical system about the ontology of universe that makes a feature of"Essence of Non-being", and "Self-transformation in profound and obscure realm". Furthermore, Wei-Jin Metaphysics enlightens the Buddhism thoughts of Heart and Soul in the Southern and Northern Dynasties ,Sui and Tang Dynasties, as well as influences on the Ideology of "Li" in Song and Ming Dynasties.

和中国哲学其他历史发展阶段的思想相比较，魏晋玄学突出和凸现了关于&有无&、&本末&等有关哲学本体问题的探索，它上承先秦道家老、庄思想，通过对汉代经学的宇宙发生论思想的批判、改造，建立起了&以无为本&、&独化于玄冥之境&等别具特色的宇宙本体论理论，以之启发了南北朝及隋唐佛学的心性论思想，乃至对宋明理学的&理&本论思想也有影响。

Good editions of ancient books: rubbings from stone inscriptions, hand-written editions and printed editions of the eras before Yuan Dynasty, the manuscripts, hand-copied editions that were written or arranged and revised by famous scholars and bibliophiles of the two dynasties of Ming and Qing, and that have important values in some subject area, printed editions (including block-printed editions, typed-editions, printed editions with exquisite prints, and process printed editions), and hand-copied books of the Ming and Qing dynasties that are characteristic of that two dynasties in book contents, carving levels, sheets, printing, binding and layout, and other aspects, printed editions, hand-copied editions that have the prefaces and postscripts annotated and revised by famous scholars and bibliophiles of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the contents of the prefaces and postscripts annotated and revised have important values as academic references.

二十、古籍善本元以前的碑帖、写本、印本；明清两代著名学者、藏书家撰写或整理校订的、在某一学科领域有重要价值的稿本、抄本；在图书内容、版刻水平、纸张、印刷、装帧等方面有特色的明清印本（包括刻本、活字本、有精美版画的印本、彩色套印本）、抄本；有明清时期著名学者、藏书家批校题跋、且批校题跋内容具有重要学术资料价值的印本、抄本。

It is well known that Huang-huai-hai Plain flourished around Han and Tang dynasties, not only boasted of the highly developed agricultural economy, handicraft industry and cultural education, but also of the population quality and proportion. while the physiognomy of the Plain has changed greatly since Song and Yuan dynasties due to the frequent deluge and the river course change of Yellow River, which caused the changes of the trace elements amount in the plain\'s soil, especially the decrease of virtual zinc which caused the cultural developing process to stagnate gradually after Song and Yuan dynasties. Trace elements like a invisible hand worked uniquely on cultural developing process.3The geographical environment and the morbid population of Lin Xiang Kingdom in Sun-Wu Kingdom Period.

二地理环境下的土壤微量元素的变化状况与历史时期黄淮海平原文明进程的关系：众所周知，汉唐时期是黄淮海平原地区文明程度最高的时期，不仅农业经济、手工业经济和文化教育高度发展，而且人口素质和人口比重也是占据极为重要地位；但是，由于黄河的频繁泛滥和改道，不仅造成了黄淮海平原地貌的巨大变化，而且也引发了黄淮海平原土壤微量元素的变化，以致有效锌严重缺乏，从而使得宋元以后的黄淮海平原的文明进程逐渐停滞下来；而在此过程中，土壤微量元素锌像一支看不见的手在起着独特的作用。

They have undergone three-time significant reforms: cast iron in the Qin-Han dynasties, the Tang-Song dynasties' steel-edged wrought iron and the Ming-Qing dynasties' quenched cast iron.

铁农具的产生与发展经历了三次重大变革，即秦汉之际的铸铁农具、唐宋之际的钢刃熟铁农具和明清之际的擦生铁农具。

The author of this thesis illustrated with examples of the drawings of the Five Dynasties and before the Five Dynasties,that there are not a few drawings of the time mentioned above,with preface and postscripts,and then,the final conclusion that drawings in the Five Dynasties and the ones before this period,have no preface and postscript,can't be reached to.

一中国画究竟是什么时候开始题名、题赞和题款的呢？就画中题名、题赞而论，从现在掌握的资料看，最早可以上推到战国。在长沙楚墓出土的&缯书&，四周画有十二组神话传说中的奇特形象，配有大片的文字。其文字内容有&上天垂象，以示吉凶……日月星辰，运行有度。当敬之毋忒，神则惠之&[1](P9)等等。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失