查询词典 drainage cycle

In this thesis, I summarize the theoretical calculation method, applied scope and notice of siphonic drainage system, and point out the advantage of siphonic drainage system compared with gravitation drainage system. In the archetype experiment study of siphonic drainage tube, I adopt different tube diameter and different structural height to survey the drainage volume and press in different place. I observe various kinds of flow state, and get chief factors which influence hydraulic peculiarity of system as the tube diameter or structural height, and find out the relevance of factor to flux. I apply CFD Fluent software and adopt standard k-ε model and RNG k-ε model, then use finite volume method and second-order upwind scheme to discrete numerical model, while coupling numeration of velocity field and press is based on SIMPLE. In the numerical simulation of curved part of tube, siphonic drainage tube experiment system and multi-outlet siphonic drainage system, I make research on internal velocity and press of system in different project condition by changing the tube diameter of curved part, negative press value in tube export and improving the quantity of water gutter. This thesis first adopts a method of combining archetype experiment and numerical simulation to study the siphonic drainage system, test and verify the validity of experiment and numerical simulation, and makefurther study on system, it solves the problems of limited testing conditions, and has a logical results, it can provide a valid method for optimizing and designing the drainage tube-net system. The conclusion have referring value for study and design of siphonic drainage system.

本文首先对虹吸式排水系统理论计算方法、适用范围以及注意事项做出总结，并分析了虹吸式排水系统的优势；再对虹吸式排水管道进行原型试验研究，采用不同管径不同立管高度，对系统流量、管道压强进行量测，观察了各种工况下的流态，对其水力特性进行研究分析，找出影响水力特性的落差、管径主要因素以及与排水量的关系；进一步应用计算流体力学Fluent软件，采用标准κ-ε模型与RNGκ-ε模型，计算过程应用有限体积法和二阶迎风格式对数值模型进行离散，速度和压力的耦合采用SIMPLE算法，分别对系统弯管段、虹吸排水管道试验系统、多斗虹吸式排水系统进行数值模拟分析，通过改变管段弯头处半径、管段出口负压值、增加雨水斗数对不同工况下系统内部的速度和压力进行研究；本文首次采用结合原型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法，对虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统进行研究，试验与模拟相互验证，并进行拓展，很好地解决了虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统由于试验条件限制问题，结果正确合理，为排水管网系统设计和优化研究提供了有效的方法，对工程设计有较好的参考价值。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

Results 4 cases were treated by thoracic close drainage as long term treatment; 6 cases were cured with exclusive thoracic close drainage; 123 cases of bronchopleural fistula were treated with decortication or thoracoplasty after their symptoms of ardent fever, cough and expectoration vanished due to drainage ; 23 cases of hronchopleural fistula were treated with thoracic close drainage, cleaning up focus of infectionrestoring fistulae-splanchnic wall decortication and repeated chest drainage ,4 cases were cured and the extent of operation and thoracic deformity in 19 cases were diminished.

结果 4例不能耐受进一步手术者采用闭式引流术作为永久性的治疗；6例单纯引流治愈；123例因支气管胸膜瘘等经引流后高热、咳嗽、咳痰等症状消失，择期行胸膜纤维板剥脱术或胸廓成形术；23例合并支气管胸膜瘘拟行胸廓成形术的患者，经引流、病灶清除-瘘修补-脏层纤维板剥脱术、再引流，4例治愈，19例减小了手术范围及胸廓畸形的程度。

The effects of many factors in the wet end on drainage and retention of PEO/attapulgite system: During the scope of 2-12, pH has no effect on drainage, and retention ratio lower in acidic conditions and higher in neutral or alkaline conditions. There were some improvement on slurry's drainage and some impairment on retention efficiency for the existence of inorganic salts. Lignosulphonate had no effect on drainage and made retention ratio decrease 5-8%; lignosulphonate and xylan had no effect on drainage and made retention ratio decrease a little. 5 .Attapulgite could be modified by intercalation.

纸机湿部系统的影响因素对PEO／凹凸棒粘土助留体系的助留助滤效果的影响表现为：pH值在2-12范围内，对助滤效果是没有影响的，使助留效果在酸性条件下较差，而在中碱性条件下较好；无机盐的存在使浆料的滤水性能有一定的改善，使助留效果有所削弱；木质素磺酸盐对助滤效果是没有影响的，使留着率下降了5—8％；木质素磺酸盐与聚木糖对助滤效果也是没有影响的，使留着率略有下降。

During the course of the short-cycle correlation, This paper assembleds the descending cycle of early cycle and the ascending cycle of late cycle, which are conjointed together , begin to correlate and draw the ichnography . By this method , writer can consider the two connected sandbodies as one unit to analyse , and can contact the sand units of exploitatition in the oilfield. Then analyse the distributing and the continuity of the sandbodies in the medium-cycle, the distributing and the continuity of oil and gas in the short-cycle.

每个中期旋回包括 3-4 个短期旋回，在短期旋回的对比中，将垂向上相邻的早期短期旋回的下降半旋回和晚期短期旋回的上升半旋回组合到一起进行对比划分和平面成图，这使得相邻两套的粉砂岩作为一个单元进行分析，与油田开发中的小层紧密的结合到一起。

Many kinds of the drainage equipment paving closed system, surface drainage and underground drainage are introduced in this paper, and including the planning of the drainage equipment , the key points in the construction and greening proposes in the central mall.

通过对中央分隔带排水的重要性和采用铺面封闭、表面排水和地下排水三种典型的中央分隔带排水设施的阐述，简要介绍了排水设施的设计、施工要点及分隔带上绿化所采用的方式。

And tower water supply drainage work is compared with in general multilayer building and low tier of buildings water supply drainage work , fundamental theory and reckoning are identical in the field of some , tier of numbers are many because of the tower , the building altitude is big , the building function is broad , building structure is complicated but, what be accepted the external world condition restricting waits, tower water supply drainage work is listed in disregarding being to be still extent on technology depth,have exceeded low tier of buildings water supply drainage work category, The number having the following few characteristics tower water supply draining off equipment is many and, instant the source of water that the rate of flow giving a water yield and draining away water depends on , rational water supply of economy sewerage form and , breathable appropriate treatment draining off pipeline problem and, to ensure that water supply safety is reliable , the administration draining away water unobstructed and defending is convenient.

高层建筑给水排水工程与一般多层建筑和低层建筑给水排水工程相比，基本理论和计算方法在某些方面是相同的，但因高层建筑层数多、建筑高度大、建筑功能广、建筑结构复杂，以及所受外界条件的限制等，高层建筑给水排水工程无论是在技术深度上，还是广度上，都超过了低层建筑物的给水排水工程的范畴，并且有以下一些特点高层建筑给水排水设备的使用人数多，瞬时的给水量和排水流量靠的水源，以及经济合理的给水排水系统形式，并妥善处理排水管道的通气问题，以保证供水安全可靠、排水通畅和维护管理方便。

The siphonic drainage system, also called press drainage system, is a more advanced roof drainage system in the world. It is applied widely in large-scaled workshop, exhibition, airport lounge and gymnasium whose roofs have large span and complex structure, and its a valid way to solve roof drainage.

虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统也称压力流排水系统，是当今国际上较为先进的屋面雨水排放系统，它被广泛应用于大型厂房、展览馆、候机楼、体育馆等跨度大、结构复杂的屋面，是解决屋面排水的有效途径。

The effective means for increasing the efficiency of power plant is to connect the extraction feedwater system with drainage pump. But the running conditions of drainage pump is bad, because the working substance in drainage pump is generally low pressure heater drainage which is of features such as high back pressure and suction temperature.

采用疏水泵连接的给水回热系统是提高电厂效率的有效措施，但由于低压加热器疏水具有吸入压力和吸入温度比较高的特点，从而造成疏水泵的工作条件较差。

Results: Among 80 cases of ACST, 76 cases were successfully implemented LC, gallbladder puncture and decompression choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage were performed in 11 cases, choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage in 15 cases, common bile duct gall bladder fistula Toishi T-tube drainage in 14 cases, gallbladder removal choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage in 36 cases, operative time 15-120 min, bleeding 10-80 ml; 4 cases transitted laparotomy, 1 case of gallbladder and surrounding tissue adhesion serious, ampulla signs disappear, and the hepatoduodenal ligament ill-defined, 2 cases of gallbladder contraction deep within the liver, gallbladder triangle scar adhesions, and 1 case of duct stone impaction and severe adhesions; postoperative hospital stay was 8-11 d, all were well recovered; pathological diagnosis, acute cholecystitis in 41 cases （51.2％）, acute suppurative cholecystitis in 24 cases （30.0％）, acute gangrenous cholecystitis in 15 cases （18.8％）.

结果：重症急性胆囊炎80例，76例成功实施LC，其中，胆囊穿刺减压胆总管切开取石T管引流11例，胆总管切开取石T管引流15例，胆囊造瘘胆总管切开取石T管引流14例，胆囊切除胆总管切开取石T管引流36例，手术时间15～120 min，术中出血10～85 ml；4例中转开腹，其中，1例胆囊与周围组织粘连严重，壶腹部标志消失，与肝十二指肠韧带界限不清，2例胆囊萎缩深陷肝脏内，胆囊三角区瘢痕粘连，1例胆囊管结石嵌顿且严重粘连，术后住院时间8～11 d，术后恢复均良好，治愈出院；80例术后病理诊断，急性单纯性胆囊炎41例（51.2％），急性化脓性胆囊炎24例（30.0％），急性坏疽性胆囊炎15例（18.8％）。

According to our present broadcasting situation,the thesis proposes using new technology to update and reform the present HFC. It also suggests broadcasting using self-advantage and arranging EPON in order to win the supermarket.

论文从我国广电的现状出发，结合实际，积极倡导采用新技术更新、改造我国现有的HFC网络；倡导广电现阶段利用自身优势，部署EPON网络来赢取市场。

A new general kinetic equation was derived in which the effect of the removal of condensation water was taken into account completely, and was applied to the polyesterification kinetic study of AA/HPHP and AA/NPG. It was found that the reaction order of self-catalyzed polyesterification was not constant. For these polyesterifications, the reaction order was 2.5 at a low temperature, while 3.0 at a high temperature.

考虑缩合水的排除对反应体系的影响，用体积浓度单位推导出一个新的聚酯反应总包动力学方程，并应用到AA/HPHP和AA/NPG两个聚酯化反应的动力学研究中，研究发现，自催化聚酯反应的反应级数并不是固定值，对于AA/HPHP和AA/NPG两个聚酯化反应而言，低温时反应级数为2.5，高温时反应级数为3.0。