查询词典 discourse

The evolution of philosophical discourse has experienced four periods from ancient to present-day:the preli minary philosophical discourse of human being was the "children discourse",which marked a "fairy tales"times of philosophy;later emerged the"myster ious discourse",which brought into the "myth"times of philosophy;the"phi losophical discourse"during the period of European Renaissance was the"hum ane discourse",which was also called the"humane"times of philosophy;from modern times,philosophical"power discourse"became popular,it tried to judg e and control people's spirit life,which was"official jargon"times of phil osophy.

从古代到现代，哲学话语的演变大致经历了四个时代：人类的早期哲学话语是&儿童话语&，以&儿童话语&为主流的时代是哲学的&童话&时代；随后出现的是&神秘话语&，以&神秘话语&为主流的时代是哲学的&神话&时代；欧洲文艺复兴时期的哲学话语是&人文话语&，这一时代可以称为哲学的&人文&时代；从近代哲学开始，&权力话语&泛滥，哲学力图裁判和主宰人们的精神生活，这一时期是哲学的&官话&时代。

Mao Discourse, Mass Discourse and Hu-feng Discourse coexistes in the speech field of the war time. The war participates in the construction of discourse. Becouse the three sort of patterns of discourse deal with the relation of the intellectual and the people in different, it led to the conflict and intensity , caused the crisis and rebirth of intellectual\'s speech in the post-war-time, and betokened the fate picture of Chinese intellectual.

毛氏话语、大众话语和胡风话语共存于战争年代的言说场，战争参与到话语的建构之中；而三种话语模式对知识者与人民关系的不同处理，形成了三种话语模式之间的冲突和紧张，使得知识者的言说在后战争年代出现了危机和新生，从而也预示了知识者的命运图景。

First,"Dreams of the Red Chamber" is a complete overthrow of the Chinese traditional twenty-four histories, and has opened up for us, in a gigantically breading way, the third pedigree of human history with the male and female love as the core and different from the pedigree with the dual division between the good and the bad. Next, along with the affirmation of the third pedigree of human beings,"Dreams of the Red Chamber" enable the female sex acting as the "second sex" for long to come again onto the stage in the human history, thus unprecedentedly disclosing the incomparably grave historic tragedy of the female sex in reality. Finally, more importantly,"Dreams of the Red Chamber" not only consider the ruling of the current discourse as the deepest cause of the female tragedy but also make a restoration with the meaning of the life generation science for the human discourse so as to make the initial word "discourse of love" more original than the discourse of the knowledge nature and bring the following of "God of lover", the new salvation way, into the agenda.

首先，《红楼梦》是对中国传统二十四史的彻底颠覆，并大破大立地为我们开辟出有别于善恶二分谱系的一种以男女情爱为核心的人类历史第三谱系；其次，随着对这一人类第三谱系肯定，《红楼梦》使长期作为&第二性&的女性在人类历史中重新登场，并前所未有地揭露了现实中女性无比深重的历史悲剧；最终，更重要的是，《红楼梦》不仅把现行话语的统治视为女性悲剧的最为深刻原因，而且同时对人类话语进行了一种生命发生学意义的还原，而使一种有别于知识性话语的更为始源的&情的话语&这一泰初之言得以彰显，把对&情的上帝&的昄依这一新的救赎之途提到人类文化的议事日程。

After the discourse get rid of the bondage of subject, and when the discourse in face of its own return, it inevitably suffer the threaten of the power. But the microscopic operation way of power causes the power by the creative posture intertwines with discourse mutually. The kind of relation between power and discourse displaying in the literature world represent the literary popular and secularism.

话语在摆脱主体奴役之后，在面向自身回归的过程中不可避免地遭受权力染指其中，而权力的微观运作方式又致使权力以创造性的姿态与话语相互纠结依附在一起，权力和话语的另类关系在文学中表现为文学的大众化和世俗化。

It is concluded in Chapter Eight that: 1 linguistic proficiencies in three languages play a considerable part in code-switching of EFL teachers in trilingual context; the inter-sentential switching outweighs the intra-sentential switching both in frequencies and percentage; discourse-related switching also outweighs participant-related switching in frequencies and percentage; the EFL is maintained longest in EFL classroom and the language maintained second longest depends upon learners" higher proficiency in Chinese or Tibetan. 2 Ethnic identity and educational background is the major causal factor of EFL teachers" Chinese-English switching in trilingual classroom; duration of language contact and relative trilingual proficiencies are the two principal contributors to the English-Tibetan switching; while Tibetan-English switching is mainly driven by EFL teachers" ethnic identity and education background, as well as the duration of language contact; English-Chinese switching is also largely motivated by the duration of trilingual contact; and Chinese-Tibetan switching is determined by trilingual proficiency to a considerable extent. Meanwhile, psychologically, the switching is mainly motivated by a procedure of psychological projection, trilingual system conceptualization and the mentality of trilingual selection. 3 The educational reflections upon this study indicate: firstly, in trilingual context, the teachers" classroom discourse is characterized by the multilingual involvement, flexibility in strategy option as well as the extension and strengthening of the domination of teachers" discourse. Secondly, the discourse movement and code-switching are largely affected by two cultural ecological mechanisms: enculturation and cultural manipulation. Thirdly, the status quo of EFL trilingual teachers are characterized by unbalanced trilingual proficiencies, poor cultural awareness, and little knowledge of trilingual education and trilingual code-switching, therefore, suggestions are advanced in the end to provide them further education. Fourthly, in trilingual context, the EFL curriculum for ethnic minorities is characterized by plurality of aims, complexity of organization and variety of resources. Meanwhile, it is of great necessity to understand the linguistic values of EFL education for ethnic minority learners. To be specific, firstly, we should not only have a deep understanding of the distribution, construction, function as well as communicative effects of the three languages, but also have a comparative study of the three languages and thus provide the standardization and guidance for the trilingual education. In the end, it is advanced that trilingual EFL provision for ethnic minority should pursue to develop learners" multicultural value system in which first language culture and mother language culture take the central position and EFL culture plays a vital role.

3在三语环境下，教师课堂话语具有话语形态多元化、话语选择策略具有灵活性和教师话语权得到延伸和拓展等特征；文化涵化和文化操控是影响三语教师课堂语码转换的两种文化生态机制；参差不齐的三语水平、淡薄的多元文化意识和对三语教学和语码转换缺乏科学认识是我国目前三语师资的主要特点，因此应对三语教师进行职后继续教育；在三语环境下，民族外语课程具有课程目标多元化、课程组织复杂化和课程资源多样化等特点；应对民族外语教育的语言价值进行审视和解读，对三种语言在课堂话语中的分布趋势、结构特征、功能作用和交际效果等问题进行深入研究，加强对三种语言间的对比分析研究，同时对民族外语教育中的三语教学进行规范和指导；在强调民族文化和二语文化在三语文化格局中心地位和外语文化的重要作用的同时，民族地区的外语教育应以构建多元文化价值观为其文化追求。

Conspectus of the discourse Above all, I will introduce the structure of my discourse: The first chapter:, discourse on the way and goal of this text.

首先，简要介绍本文的基本结构：第一章〈年代与意义──研究的目标与方法〉主要论述本文研究的目标与方法。

In this case, the listener usually has two kinds of response: to ask for clarifications engender negative feelings Finally, when the speaker uses "gaigen" expression to communicate a message, there is no misunderstanding is because: the authority of the speaker the listener knows the speaker is telling his opinion but not about fact And the speaker uses "gaigen" expression to communicate a message, misunderstanding causes because: the discourse maker and the information content was recognized differently (EX: the speaker pay attention to the information, but the listener pay attention to the discourse maker) the communication goal was different (EX: the listener needs the information as a fact, but the speaker offers his own opinion) the use of "gaigen" expression as a discourse maker was differently used by the speaker and listener (EX: A's using of "perhaps" has a huge difference from the one of B) By examining written sentences and written dialogues (2 people talking), the two kinds of language phenomena "representing the determinate information indeterminately" and "representing the indeterminate information determinately" was solved by analyzing the language data carefully.

最后，使用概言表现传递不确定讯息时，而会导致误会产生，是因为下列其中因素之一出现：(1)谈话标帜跟讯息内容认知的不一致（例如其中一方注意的是谈话标帜，而另一方注意的是讯息内容）(2)说者与听者间会话目标的不一致（例如听者所需要的是「事实讯息」，但说者所提供的是个人的「意见讯息」）(3)使用概言表现的用法的不一致（例如甲所使用的「大概」跟乙所使用的「大概」差距太大）。透过分析与归纳的结果，本稿最初提出的「确定的事物却使用不确定的语气描述」、以及「不确定的事物却使用确定的语气描述」之语言现象亦得到了解答。

Discourse and its function ; China's discourse ; literality ; learning about China ; international discourse right

话语及其功能；中国话语；直译；认识中国；国际话语权

In terms of writing patterns, it directs the logical shift from the narrow discourse in the present society to the broad historical and cultural discourse, thus bringing about a revolution in discourse and having a far-reaching impact on contemporary literature.

在写作范型上，它引导了新时期小说由狭隘的当前化社会话语向广义的历史与文化话语的逻辑转换，从而带来话语革命，对于当代文学造成了深远的影响。

Therefore, this article outlines three chapters, in which the first chapter discusses the prosperity of the Shanghai tabloids and tabloid literature and the causes; the second chapter discusses, from the discourse of the urban citizens'culture, the prosperity of the tabloid literature, the popular appeal of the tabloids and the urban citizens'cultural psychology of mammonism and plebeianism; the third chapter discusses, from the discourse of the elite culture, the relation between the tabloid literature and the elite literature, which mainly focuses on the tabloid literature's countermeasures and spontaneous choice in the discourse of elite culture.

因此，本文共分三章，第一章概述上海小报及小报文学的繁盛及其原因；第二章从市民文化语境的角度来探讨小报文学的繁荣、小报的大众化欲求以及由此产生的市民拜金与尚俗的文化心理；第三章则从精英文化语境的角度来探讨小报文学与精英文学的关系，主要分析论述小报文学在精英文化语境下的应对策略及自觉选择。

Objective To study the effect of chitosan in the prevention of fibrous scar formation in the epidural space after laminectomy.

目的 观察选择性脊神经后根切除术椎板切除后硬膜外几种防瘢痕粘连物质的作用并探讨其机制。

On his way to the lift, he looked back to us or was it me his eyes pointing?

当他要进电梯时，他回头看我们（或者说是我，他的眼光？