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And then the effect of precipitation to water and heat character of soil is analyzed. The results indicate that the level which precipitation effect water and heat character of soil is different under different precipitation intensity. The affect degree of precipitation to surface physical variate is similar in winter and in summer, but the time that soil return to normal state is different, which in winter is longer than in summer.

其次分析了降水对荒漠土壤水热性质的影响，结果表明：不同大小的降水强度对地表物理量的影响不同；冬季和夏季相比，降水对地表物理量的影响差不多，但冬季的土壤状态的恢复时间要长得多；土壤湿度和反照率的驰豫期与降水都有很好的相关。

The equivalent standard pollution loadings were compared among different rigions, the results indicated that the water pollution threaten caused by agricultural non-point source pollution was more serious in the south of Jiangsu province and in Nantong than in the other rigions;The equivalentStandard pollution loading rates of different agricultural non-point source pollution in different regions were analysised by clustering analysis method,and the results indicated that Nanjing、 Wuxi、 Zhenjiang and Changzhou were polluted mainly by domestic living pollution;Xuzhou、 Suqian、 Taizhou、 Yancheng、 Lianyungang、 Huaian and Nantong were polluted mainly by chemical fertilizer pollution; Suzhou and Yangzhou were polluted corresponsively by animals feces pollution 、 domestic living pollution、 chemical fertilizer pollution and fish breeding pond pollution.

对各地区的等标污染指数进行比较，发现农业非点源污染对水环境造成的威胁苏南地区和南通明显高于其它苏中、苏北地区；对各个市各非点源污染源的污染负荷率进行聚类分析，发现南京、无锡、镇江、常州以生活污染为主；徐州、宿迁、泰州、盐城、连云港、淮安、南通以化肥污染为主；苏州、扬州两地畜禽粪便污染、生活污染、化肥污染和精养鱼塘污染均占一定的比例。

In this paper, the 3-D finite element relocating mesh method is used to calculate the temperature field and the thermal creep stress field of spillway dam and mid level outlet dam in certain roller compacted concrete gravity dam, sensitivity analysis have been down with different parameters, such as placing temperature, the location of cooling pipe, cooling temperature, time for water supply, ascended-layer of concrete, intermissive time and different placing time, and the commendatory construction scheme have been put forward in such analysis; according by the test result on the two scheme of concrete aggregate combination (basalt as coarse aggregate and limestone as fine aggregate, basalt as coarse aggregate and basalt as fine aggregate), simulation analysis on temperature field and thermal creep stress field of the commendatory construction scheme have been down, and analysis have also been down on temperature field and thermal stress field of the two different aggregate combination, the result indicates that the spillway dam and mid level outlet dam which adopted these two aggregate combination can both satisfy the require of design crack resistance in concrete, furthermore limestone as fine is better than basalt as fine aggregate; the effect of summer water storage and winter water storage on the temperature field and thermal stress field have been analyzed, comparing with winter water storage, in summer water storage scheme the maximum tensile stress at abnormal concrete in upstream fill is decreased by 0.1～0.3MPa and there are no evidence change of the maximum tensile stress at other parts, which indicate that summer water storage is avail for the crack resistance of upstream fill; according to the simulation calculating result and comparing temperature simulation calculating results and temperature controlling measures of some similarity projects both completed and construction, synthesis appraise have been carried to the design temperature controlling measures of dam, and the temperature controlling measures of this project have been brought forward, all these have great reference value on the design of temperature controlling measures and the optimization of the construction scheme.

本文采用三维有限元浮动网格法仿真计算程序，对某碾压混凝土重力坝的溢流坝段和中孔坝段分别进行了三维有限元温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算分析，对浇筑温度、冷却水管的布置方式、冷却水温、通水时间、浇筑升程和间歇时间、不同开始浇筑日期等参数进行了敏感性分析，在此基础上提出了推荐的施工方案；根据两种骨料方案(玄武岩粗骨料+灰岩细骨料方案；玄武岩粗骨料+玄武岩细骨料方案)的混凝土性能试验研究成果，对推荐的施工方案进行了温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算，并对比分析了两种不同骨料情况下的温度场和温度应力，结果表明溢流坝段及中孔坝段采用上述两种骨料均能满足混凝土的抗裂设计要求，且灰岩细骨料优于玄武岩细骨料；计算分析了夏季蓄水和冬季蓄水对坝体温度场和温度应力的影响，夏季蓄水方案与冬季蓄水方案相比，坝体上游变态混凝土区域最大拉应力小0.1～0.3MPa，其他部位最大拉应力无明显变化，夏季蓄水对坝体上游面混凝土的抗裂有利；根据仿真计算成果并通过比较国内一些已建和在建的类似工程的温度仿真计算成果及采取的温控措施，对大坝的设计温控措施进行了综合评价，并提出了该工程的温控措施，对温控设计和优化施工方案具有重要参考价值。

Based upon the ecoanatomical method, leaf anatomical characters of eleven populations of six evergreen species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca, C. myrsinaefolia, C. gracilis, Castanopsis sclerophylla, C. eyrei and Lithocarpus glaber) from the eastern subtropical area of China were analyzed and compared with SPSS, DCA and TWINSPAN. The results are: 1. Although the leaf structures of the eleven populations still belong to the mesophyll type, they all express the trend of xerophilization. 2. There are some differences in leaf anatomical characters among populations, species and genera, which occur as the results of their adaptation to different habitats. 3. Different leaf anatomical characters have different variations among populations, species and genera, of which leaf thickness and palisade tissue thickness (considered as ecological adaptation characters) have greater variation than sponge tissue thickness, lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermis thickness (as systematical evolution characters). 4. The leaves of C. sclerophylla and C. glauca with thicker lamina, palisade tissue and cuticle (a multilayered upper epidermis in C. sclerophylla) are thought to better adapt to their dry habitat. The leaves of C. eyrei with thicker sponge tissue, although characterized by a multlayered upper epidermis, adapt to their humid and warm habitat. The leaves of C. myrsinaefolia and C. gracilis characterized by a thinner lamina, a less palisade tissue and a moderate cuticle thickness adapt to the humid and cool habitat in a middle mountain.

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈、小叶青冈、细叶青冈、苦槠、甜槠和石栎）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS， DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：①尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；②叶的解剖性状在属间、种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；③叶片的不同解剖性状在属、种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海绵组织、下角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；④苦槠、青冈具有较厚的叶片、栅栏组织、角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较薄的叶片和栅栏组织、角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的适应。

The increased amount of non--exchangeable NH4^＋-N during the incubation indicated as the following tendency, namely, Eum-Orthic Anthrosols 〉 Los - Orthic Entisols 〉 Hap-Ustic Isohumisols 〉 Ust-Sandiic Entisols. Organic material influenced significantly the increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N （P was 0.0002, 0.0004 and 0.0003 when incubated at 20 d, 50 d and 60 d, respectively）. NH4^＋-N increased remarkably when Stlpa bungeana and Medicago sativa were added compared with no addition. The contents of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N increased significantly when added （NH4）2SO4 compared without addition at 20 d, 40 d and 60d of incubation and P was 0.0037, 0.0033 and 0.0027, respectively. It was the result that the NH4^＋-N from （NH4）2 SO4 was fixed within the soil. The increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N increased significantly for different soils, on which different vegetation types grew before the collection of soil samples, when incubated at 20 d （P=0.0434）, but not significantly at 40 d and 60d （P=0.7378 and 0.5375）. The increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N in the soil, on which crop straw and nitrogen fertilizer had been incorporated for a long-term period, was larger than that of no addition, but it was not significantly different among these two fertilization models. Soil clay, total N and organic matter were positively correlated remarkably with the contents of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N, the increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N had no correlation with soil clay, whereas it had significantly positive correlation with total N and organic matter.

培养期间非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0.0002，0.004和0.0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0.0037，0.0033和0.0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋-N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量差异显著（P=0.0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0.7378和0.5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋-N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。

By means of comparing two kinds of PESA which are synthesized by differently graded raw materials with different dosages, different hardness and different alkality, it is found that PESAⅠ has better scale inhibitive capacity than that of PESAⅡ.

通过对两种不同级别原料合成的PESA在不同的加药量、不同硬度和不同碱度等条件下进行阻垢分散性能比较试验发现，PESAⅠ对CaCO3垢的阻垢性能略优于PESAⅡ。

In order to do research on pipe flow and pump characteristics of polymer flooding and water flooding rod-pumped well in especially high water-cut stage, rheometric test aimed at production stream from polymer flooding and water flooding rod-pumped well in especially high water-cut stage has been made, and the characteristic of production stream in especially high water-cut stage is confirmed as Newtonian fluid. Experiments using different mediums about pipe flow and pump characteristics is made. Frictional resistance and coefficient of friction resistance of annulus fluid between sucker rod and the pipe flow is calculated under different working conditions. Frictional resistance between plunger and pump barrel under different parameters is calculated based on related theory of pump characteristic and the strained analytical model of oil-well pump. Besides, using the theory of slit flow and hydraulic -clamping pressure, the frictional resistance is calculated, and the error between the result and measured value is no more than 13%.

为研究特高含水期水驱及聚驱抽油机井管流特性与泵特性，本文针对特高含水期水驱及聚驱井采出液进行了流变性试验，确定了特高含水期油井采出液的性质属牛顿流体；利用不同介质，进行管流特性与泵特性试验，得到了不同工况下杆、管环空流的摩擦阻力和摩阻系数；根据泵特性相关理论和抽油泵受力分析模型，计算了不同参数下柱塞与泵筒间的摩擦阻力，并利用缝隙流与液压卡紧力理论对柱塞与泵筒间的摩擦阻力进行了计算，计算结果与实测值误差在13%以内。

Then, according to phase space reconstruct technique from one-dimensional and multi-dimensional time series, the quantitative criterion and rule of system chaos which combine neural network, analyses, computations and sort are conducted on EEG signals of five kinds of human consciousness activities. The author finds that statistic results of the determinism computation in time series indicate that chaos characteristic may lie in human consciousness activities, and central tendency measure is consistent with phase graph, so it may become one division way of attractor; approximate entropy of different subjects exists discrepancy; correlation dimension and Lyapunov exponent of different consciousness activities indicate that attractors of human activities are all fractional; nonlinear quantitative criterion and rule, which unites neural network, can distinguish different styles of consciousness activity in principle, and the result of sortation takes on that consciousness activity type of arithmetic is distinguished more easily than that of abstract.

采用一维与多维时间序列相空间重构技术和系统混沌的定量判据准则，结合神经网络，对五种思维作业方式的脑电信号进行了分析、计算与分类，发现确定性计算的统计结果表明人类的意识活动中可能蕴含混沌特性，中心趋向测量(Central Tendency Measure，CTM)与相图吻合较好，可作为EEG吸引子的区分方法之一；功率谱分析反映出单个受试者的各种意识形态的差异很小，但是不同意识活动谱中的活跃频段还是略有差异的；个体之间的近似熵存在差异，同种状态下近似熵大的人可能具有更好的创新性；关联维数和Lyapunov指数的计算结果表明大脑的运动落在具有分维的奇怪吸引子上；非线性量化方法与神经网络相结合，可对人脑思维活动进行较好的分类，并且从分类结果来看数理计算类思维活动较抽象类思维活动有着更好的区分度。

Analytical formulae are presented for the first time to describe the shift in the resonance wavelength of LPG in response to etching of the fiber cladding or a change in the external refractive index. The accuracy of the formula is confirmed by comparision with numerical simulations and experimental results. We demonstrated that the resonance wavelengths of an etched LPG are more sensitive refractive index than those of an unetched grating. The bending properties of long period fiber grating written in different type fiber are studied experimentally. The transmission peaks and the central wavelength of LPG change with the bending of the fiber. A new peak appears at the shorter wavelength when the fiber is being bent. The changes of the peaks are different for different photosensitive fiber. Those properties have broad application foreground in fiber sensors and tunable filters.

分别从理论和实验上对长周期光栅的折射率特性以及光纤包层半径对长周期光栅特性的影响进行了研究，首次给出了描述光纤包层半径腐蚀和外界折射率改变与长周期光栅共振波长关系的理论表达式，实验与理论和数据模拟的结果很好符合，利用腐蚀光纤包层的方法可以有效地提高LPG的折射率灵敏度；对不同光纤中写入的长周期光栅的弯曲特性进行了实验研究，LPG的透射峰形状及其中心波长随光纤弯曲而发生变化，并且随着弯曲将在短波方向出现新的透射峰，其透射峰的变化规律因所用光敏光纤的不同而不同，这一特性在光纤传感和可调谐滤波器方面有重要的应用前景。

By regression of experimental data, therules of the linkage between these factors, which will provide a theoretical basis for designing BBP with different scales.3 Using thermal analysis technology and dynamic thermogravimetry, the paper studies combustion kinetic characteristics of 3 types of agricultural crops at different rate of temperature rise, and thus, achieved dynamic parameters of these fuels at different rate of temperature, established dynamic model of straw combustion, which reflects the dynamic process in the fast combustion area.4 Characteristics of straw briquette combustion was experimented, focusing on the impact of straw type, temperature, air supply, and density, diameter, and weight of briquette on the combustion speed, and the following conclusions were drawn:(1) combustion of straw briquette fuel is static permeation diffusion combustion;(2) temperature has a larger impact on the speed of straw briquette combustion than air supply; the higher the combustion temperature is, the faster volatilizable component separates out, and the less steady the combustion is;(3) density of briquette fuel has impact on the speed of volatilizable component separation and therefore the combustion speed;(4) increase of diameter and weight of briquette fuel increases the average combustion speed in the initial stage, and that in the later stages is comparatively steady;(5) the proportion of volatilizable component in straw briquette fuel is high, therefore, the temperature control during combustion under the rational ventilation condition is essential to ensure its safe combustion.5 Using the above-mentioned results of experiments and theoretical analysis, and based on thought of hydraulic driven and bi-direction compression, the hydraulic system and compression parts of the HBP BBP are re-designed in terms of industrialization.

利用热分析技术，采用动态热重实验法，对我国的三大农作物秸秆在不同升温速率下的燃烧动力学特性进行了较系统的研究。得到了各原料在不同升温速率下的动力学参数；建立了秸秆燃烧的动力学模型，该模型反映了秸秆迅速燃烧区的动力学过程。 4 对秸秆成型燃料的燃烧特性进行了试验研究。着重研究了秸秆河南农业大学博士学位论文巫的种类、温度、空气供给量、成型燃料密度、直径、质量对成型燃料燃烧速度的影响并得出如下主要结论：①秸秆成型燃料的燃烧方式属于静态渗透式扩散燃烧。②秸秆成型燃料燃烧速度受温度的影响大于通风量燃烧速度的影响：燃烧温度越高，挥发分析出速度越快，燃烧平稳性愈差。③成型燃料密度影响成型燃料挥发分的析出速度，影响燃烧速度。④成型燃料直径和质量的增加，使得燃烧初期的平均燃烧速度增大，中后期的平均燃烧速度相对平稳。⑤秸秆成型燃料含挥发分比例高，因此合理配风下的控温燃烧是保证其完全燃烧的关键。 5运用已取得的试验和理论分析结果，以液压驱动、双向成型为基础，从产业化的角度对HBP型成型机进行了液压系统和成型部件的改进设计；同时采用了二级预压机构，使该成型机的生产率达到 500kg.hd；单位能耗 60kwh。上'左右，磨损件修复周期 300小时左右，基本解决了影响生物质固化技术在国内推广的技术难题。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。