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This dissertation adopts an approach of positivism and integrates the synchronic and diachronic, the phonetics and phonology as well as qualitative and quantitative so as to observe, analyze and describe the diphthong in a vision of historical typology.

本文立足于共时和历时相结合，宏观和微观相结合，语音学和音系学相结合，定性研究和定量研究相结合的研究方法，寄希望于在未来的时间里采用更好的方法来解决研究中发现的某些问题。

Instead of proposing that one of them, the Brahmanic, is a pure type, as Dumont does, wouldn't it be better to describe all civilisation as hierarchical and to specify each instance as an historical human type?

如果不像杜蒙所提出的把婆罗门定为唯一的阶序，而是首先总结出所有人类文明都是阶序，然后将各例不同的阶序称为不同历史人文类型，这样岂不是更好？

But in China, people describe the students' goals as not democracy , per se, but as the end to corruption, the ability to air grievances, and the right to more control over their lives (or, as one person put it, the right to refuse to be shipped off to some dumpy factory for 40 years—a fate that would drive anyone into the streets).

但是在中国，人们并不认为这场学生运动的目的是为了民主，而是，从本质上讲，是为了腐败的终结，获悉真相的能力，以及更多的控制他们自身生活的权利（或者，正如有人所说的，为了拒绝被遣送到一些条件恶劣工厂工作40年——一种能使任何人绝望的命运的权利）。

The dissertation focuses on performance gradient estimation and SRO algorithm of DES aswell as other related topics,such as modeling of DES and discrete event simulation,performancemeasure Hessian matrix estimation,Stochastic Approximationand so on.General Semi-Markov Processis adapted to describe behaviour of DES and discrete eventsimulation.A general result is obtained and applied to analyze strong consistency of performancegradient Perturbation Analysisestimator.Conditions for effectiveness of InfinitesimalPerturbation Analysisare also discussed.New PA algorithms,such as server PA,PA usingDirac generalized function,job sequence PA etc.,are proposed to deal with discreteparameters.Furthermore,strategies of combining PA algorithms with certain iterative rules areanalyzed widely in order to optimize DES parameters and some SRO algorithms are constructed toslove DES optimization problems.

论文将DES性能分析领域中性能梯度估计和单运行仿真优化作为主要的研究对象，探讨了与性能梯度估计有关的DES和离散事件仿真过程建模、高阶导数估计以及随机逼近等理论和方法；建立了具有一般性的DES和离散事件仿真的广义半Markov过程模型；获得了分析性能梯度估计量强相合性的理论结果和无穷小摄动分析算法应用的条件；提出了诸如服务台数目的摄动分析、奇异摄动分析、串联生产线和加工车间中工件加工序的摄动分析等一系列摄动的思想和算法，对连续参数和离散参数都进行了深入的研究；对摄动分析算法同优化规则结合实现仿真优化的策略也进行了广泛的分析，构造了新型的变界截尾的随机逼近算法，并用于DES的单运行仿真优化研究；最后，给出了DES性能分析方法的实证性研究结果。

Water margin,that a work dedicated to masculine has always been highly appreciated.yet,it is beyond any doubt that the book presents a biased and even unjust feature of the feminine .there are few women personages in water margin which can be divided into two kinds briefly: namely "lady of easy virtue" and "heroine".novel go on two extremes overly that women'figure was denied impersonal role maid image mould either "bad" or reach "manlike " so that they cant cross to two description of woman these because the writer was intended or involuntary to describe them these.consequently the women' figure maked untrue exceedingly as to the lady of easy virtue write it to the limit excessively ruthlessly poisonously ; as for heroine write its walk chivalrous and loyal to the limit that the woman wasn't defeated by men.the female extreme image was pointed out that the intention of author come from the influence of the super male consciousness to a certain extent and it is inevitability because of masculine being in charge of linguistical power ,in fact, the appearance of women was just only minor role in order that the hero world need to regard man as the centre too.in a word womens destiny in water margin is a miserable foregone!

水浒传》是1部以描写男性英雄为主的名著，历来受到较高评价。然而，作品在女性形象塑造时存在的偏颇甚至不公正却是毋庸置疑的。《水浒传》中的女性人物屈指可数，主要可分为两大类：1是所谓的荡妇恶婆；2是所谓女英雄。作家在对这两类型女性的描写时，都因作者有意或无意的女性意识而走向极端化，实际上是走上了两个无法交汇的极端，使女性形象的塑造过于偏激，不是"淫恶"到极端，就是"男性化"到极点，写淫妇恶婆，写尽其淫，狠，毒；写女英雄，则写尽其行侠仗义，巾帼不让须眉。这种极端化的女性角色定位，既是作者男权意识的自然反映，又是男权社会男性话语权的必然呈现，说白了，出现在《水浒传》的女性不过是点缀和突出男性的生活，是为表现父权制男性英雄世界服务的。

Matzke and Gross state that many creationist critics define macroevolution as something that cannot be attained, as these critics describe any observed evolutionary change as "just microevolution".

马兹克和格罗斯声称，持创世论的批评家将宏进化界定为不能达到的东西，因为这些批评家将任何观察到的进化改变都描述为"只是微观的进化"。

To describe them as bad excess whether of explicit sex, violence or emotion, or as bad perversions, whether of masochism or sadism, is not to address their function as cultural problem-solving.

把它们描述成不健康的放肆——无论是直白的性、暴力或是情感，或者说它们是糟糕的变态——无论是受虐狂或是施虐狂，这样做都没有说出它们对解决文化问题的作用。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的"现象学阶段"可以被视为他关于"心理学的哲学"的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将"原子命题"解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于"原子命题"之所是的正面解说），维氏的"现象学阶段"乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的"逻辑原子主义"之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的"现象学"观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于"不可说性"与"可说性"的二分法。

A sauna contest and wife carrying contest it basically an obstacle course that you have to complete with a woman on your back, it doesn't have to be a wife as the name says since the name isn't a literal translation, the literal one (or at least one close to it would be hagcarrying /"akankanto" the word "akka" isn't as 'hostile' as hag but definitely not a nice word to describe women.

夏季中我们有些很疯狂的项目，比如扔靴子比赛，扔手机比赛（这不是一个玩笑，而是真的，他们甚至扔好的手机）（eg：&他们真强大，不愧是Nokia，想象一下把Nokia N96扔扔看&），桑拿比赛，谁能坚持到最后，背妻子（并不一定是你的妻子，女性就好了）比赛，背着一位女性跨过一些障碍，背着&女巫&，当然不是真的女巫，但肯定的是对女性不是一个好的词语。

Or to take another instance: As old age is to life, so is evening to day. One will accordingly describe evening as the 'old age _of the day_'--or by the Empedoclean equivalent; and old age as the 'evening' or 'sunset of life''.

或者举另外一个例子：老年对于生命的关系与黄昏对于白昼类似，因此诗人可以把黄昏描写为&白昼的暮年&——也可用恩培多克勒类似的比喻，老年宛如&黄昏&或者&生命的日落&。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了