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Two hundred and fifty-nine F2:3 and 220 BC2S1 families,derived from the same cross between Dan232,a dent corn inbred and NO4, a popcorn inbred, were evaluated for four developmental stages, tassel emergence, male anthesis, silk emergence and days from male anthesis to silk emergence.

以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建259个F2.3和220个Bc2S1家系群体，利用SSR标记构建分子标记遗传图谱，利用复合区间作图方法对4个生育期性状进行QTL定位和效应分析。

All in all, are derived from the reform and opening up, from the Communist Party policies.

而这一切的一切，都来源于改革开放，来源于共产党的好政策。

Methods The cDNA retro-transcribed from equal quantity total RNA derived from rectal carcinoma or normal rectal mucosa were labeled with Cy5 or Cy3 fluorescence as probes respectively. The mixed probes were hybridized with the BioStar 4096 cDNA microarray.

分别抽提直肠腺癌和正常直肠粘膜的总RNA；通过逆转录方法将Cy3和Cy5两种荧光分别标记到两组cDNA上，制成探针；利用这种cDNA探针与含有4096条人类基因PCR产物的表达谱芯片进行杂交，扫描芯片荧光信号图像，计算机分析后比较两种组织中差异表达的基因。

Monoglyceride and diglyceride derived from fats, obtained from glycerine and fatty acids.

单甘酯和甘油二酯来自脂肪，从甘油和脂肪酸。

Seven types of dimetric drawing and three types of trimetric drawing are introducedby the author with an aim to help hasten the shift of the principles derived from varioustypes of dimetric and trimetric projections from the theoretical approach to the field ofpractical use,and to alleviate the embarrassing situation that only the simple methodscan be resorted to in drawing the pictorial projections by isometric drawing and cabinetdrawing.

为了使各种形式的正二测和正三测从理论研究转向实际应用，克服长期来人们在绘制轴测图时，多数只能采用正等测和斜二测等单调情况，以及提高绘图速度，本文推荐采用七种正二测和三种正三测，并设计一套绘制这十种正轴测的专用工具--轴测多角比例尺。本文提出一套近似作这十种正轴测坐标面上椭圆的方法和数据，使其既简便又准确。

Fourth precision solution can be derived from two grid sets solution with a second precision central difference scheme by Richardson extrapolation. It reduces the amount of calculation. Uncertainty is determined from the discretization error analysis. A finer grid calculation is made to validate the extrapolation scheme.

对于2阶精度中心差分格式的2套网格数值解，用Richardson外推法可以得到4阶精度的解，其工作量比直接求解4阶离散方程的工作量减少许多；对于计算中的数值不确定度，用该方法分析了离散误差，并用逐次加密网格的方法探讨了外推法的合理性。

However, this diseconomy behavior is not their own choice of small businesses but derived from the compulsion of government, which is different from other diseconomy phenomena in market.

但与市场中的其它不经济现象不同，这种不经济行为并不是小企业自主选择的，它来自于政府的强制。

Within this context, four specific areas are addressed:(1) By means of finite integration technique, a new kind of the first order partial difference equation is derived from the original disperse transmission line equation of the uniform waveguide's. As it is the kind of one dimension Dirichlet's boundary problem, it is convenient for us to solve this equation from the leapfrog scheme. Because computation is carried out in one dimension, both high calculation efficiency and precision have been obtained in this method. Meanwhile, this method provide us a different selection to simulate the transient response of waveguide with non-simplical, for examples cylinder and elliptic waveguide, and avoid solving the second order equation, or using finite difference time domain to simulate a three dimension problem, sometimes the latter precision is not satisfied with the need, or low efficiency.

在这一研究内容下，主要研究四个方面的问题：(1)在完成金属波导传输线方程时域形式的基础之上，应用有限积分技术，把波导特征模式的色散传输线方程，化简为一组新的一阶偏微分方程组，该边值问题属一维Dirichlet边值问题，从而便于用蛙跳格式求解，由于是在一维中计算，该方法具有很高计算效率和精度，从而避免了以往为得到金属波导中特征模的时域响应特性，须要求解二阶方程，或用时域有限差分方法求解三维问题的方法，对于后者来说，计算有时是不准确的，或是很耗时的例如计算诸如圆波导、椭圆波导等其它复杂形状的波导。

Speckle is also the fundamental uncertainty factor in this kind of sensors. The analytic expression of centroid uncertainty limit is derived from the statistic of laser speckle, and it is shown that the uncertainty limit in RST, and also in anamorphic triangulation, is dependent on the solid angle subtended by entrance pupil as seen from the illuminated laser spot, the triangulation angle, as well as the laser wavelength. The influence of aberration of optical system and surface roughness are also discussed.(4) A method of getting the 3D edge characters based on the integrated vision system is studied.

重点研究了RST中的激光散斑现象，从散斑统计学的角度，首次推导了激光散斑引起的旋转对称三角法位移测量不确定度的极限，结果表明在光学粗糙表面上，该极限由投射激光波长，光学系统入瞳对投射光斑所张的立体角，以及光学系统主光轴与旋转轴的夹角确定；这一结论同样适用于其他变形成像的激光三角法。4基于RST的工作方式，研究了利用集成视觉系统的扫描移动来获得被测物体的低分辨率三维信息的方法。

This method is derived from the equivalent current measurement transformation of practical measurements from the measuring system and changing corresponding weight coefficient of measurement according to the theory of error propagation.

中文摘要：针对输电系统和配电系统量测类型多样性及传统状态估计算法的不足，讨论并发展了一种基于等效电流量测变换的状态估计及坏数据检测与辨识方法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。