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Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash'system with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile co mmerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

In the situation of varied water quality of influent, membrane permeate COD was all less than 20mg/L, NH〓-N was less than 1mg/L and turbidity was less than 1 NTU. Because the membrane surface formed gel layer in the filtration process, which reduced membrane pore size efficiently removed nosogenetic germ and virus and attained the demand of water quality standard in wastewater reuse.

在进水水质波动的情况下，膜出水COD值均小于20mg/L，NH〓-N小于1mg/L，浊度小于1NTU；由于在过滤过程中膜面形成了凝胶层，起到了减小膜孔径的作用，从而达到致病菌和病毒的有效去除，能够满足污水回用于杂用水时对水质的要求。

Design the structure of high performance Low-E film including its material and thickness of every layer according to basic optical theory. Carry out an innovative work to calculate its optical performance by characteristic matrices and optical admittance. Compare the results with those we get by traditional measurement.3. Prepare Low-E films with RF magnetron controlled reactive sputtering. The result shows that in the visible region (380nm-780nm), the highest transmittance is 82.4% while the average value is 75%. In the NIR region (780nm-2500nm), the average transmittance is 16.2%. These characters can fit the demand of the glass used in architecture and cars, and also in other applications.4. We novelly use the material Titanium as protective layer to solve the problem that Ag layer would disappear when depositing the second TiO_2 layer. As the protective layer, Ti does not increase the number of targets so as to lower the costs. The thickness of the protective layer Titanium is adjusted by controlling of sputtering time. Results shows the Low-E films get the best optical character when the sputtering time of Titanium is 20 seconds5. We novelly proposed a new transmittance quality factor Q=_·(?_-__ to evaluate the performances of Low-E films, which makes it easier to judge the qualities of Low-E film.6. The photocatalysis of Titanium dioxides is researched and introduced into Low-E films. Sb-doped TiO_2 thin films are prepared. Its photocatalysis and hydrophilicity are measured.

论文的工作主要有：1、总结了低辐射薄膜的制备方法，性能，以及国内外最新研究进展和应用，并对两种类型的低辐射薄膜进行了比较。2、从光学基本理论开始，设计了离线低辐射薄膜的结构，包括每一层的材料和厚度，并创新性的用特性矩阵和光学导纳理论计算了该离线膜的光学性能，利用软件对其进行了仿真，与实际制备的薄膜所测量的性能相比较。3、完成在实验室仪器上制备低辐射薄膜，掌握其工艺条件，解决了超薄金属膜的制备问题，所制备的低辐射薄膜在可见光区(380hm-780hm)最高可达82.4%，平均透射率为75%；在近红外区(780nm-2500nm)的平均透射率为16.2%，其性能达到建筑物幕墙玻璃，汽车前挡玻璃等应用标准，并为进一步的大规模生产打下基础。4、针对中间银层在镀上层膜时易被氧化这一工艺难题，本研究创新性的提出用Ti膜作为保护膜，没有增加新的靶材，提高了生产效率，并节约了生产成本。

The Ethernet equipment can solely provide OAM function, also can meet network management demand of various scale with high-performance expansibility.

不仅设备本身可以提供OAM功能，并且设备可以满足各种规模的网络管理需求，扩展性好。

Wear particles in the osteolytic tissue can be obtained with strong base digestion and differential centrifugation, which is up to the demand of experimental study.

通过强碱消化及密度梯度离心提取、纯化假体周围骨溶解组织中磨损颗粒的方法可提供符合试验需要的金属颗粒。

All the stone meet the demand of environment protection law and passen the test of national concerned depatement.

所有石材产品完全符合绿色环保要求，并已通过国家有关部门的质量检测。

In particular, Japan, South Korea on Minshan Phleum pratense Tatsu annual demand of 50-60 million tons.

尤其日本、韩国对岷山猫尾草的年需求量达50—60万吨。

This epoxy-optical model of unilateral maxillary defects with high sensitivity and visual acuity could well meet the demand of the photoelastic experiments.

建立的单侧上颌骨缺损的环氧树脂光弹模型光学灵敏度高，直观性强，能很好的满足光弹实验的要求。

According the development of company and the demand of markets, this company decides to introduce capital to build newly the phthalic anhydride production equipment with annual output of 500 thousand tons.

根据公司发展和市场需求，公司决定引进资金新建年产五万吨邻苯二甲酸酐生产装置。

Because the instrument can add the options with phyletic and various outfit, so all sorts of demand of the user are able to satisfy almost.

因为仪器能够加装种类单一的选件，所以用户的各类需求几乎都能得以满足。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。