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The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

In addition this paper,"Bio-Rad method," two parasitic wasps of the post-embryonic development the process of protein accumulation in young bees and the host Plutella xylostella in this process in vivo haemolymph protein content were measured and found that over time, was gifuensis parasitic larvae of the diamondback moth haemolymph protein content showed an upward trend in nearly a straight line, Ichneumonidae parasitic For example, in the early parasitic diamondback moth haemolymph protein content also showed the trend of slow growth, but in the mid-and late parasitic young bee about to be completed in the development of the host body when to stop feeding, a significant downward trend却呈, and significantly lower than the third day of its own protein content; on the same day of the different species of the diamondback moth parasitic wasp hemolymph protein content compared Ichneumonidae Parasitism of diamondback moth have hemolymph protein content than in the third and fourth day after the parasitic Braconidae hemolymph content to be high, but very different in the case of the fifth day, as evidenced by her side after the parasitic bee moth haemolymph protein content is cocoon of the parasitic bee hemolymph protein content of 0.7 times.

另外本文采用"Bio-Rad法"对两种寄生蜂胚后发育过程中幼蜂蛋白积累及寄主小菜蛾在此过程中体内血淋巴蛋白含量进行了测定，结果发现随时间的推移，被茧蜂寄生小菜蛾幼虫的血淋巴蛋白含量是呈近直线增加趋势，而对于姬蜂寄生来说，在寄生初期小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量也呈缓慢增长趋势，但在寄生中后期，幼蜂即将完成在寄主体内的发育取食停止时，却呈大幅下降趋势，且明显低于其自身第三天的蛋白含量；对同一天的被不同种寄生蜂寄生的小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量进行比较，姬蜂寄生过的小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量在第三天和第四天均比茧蜂寄生后的血淋巴含量要高，但在第五天的情况大不相同，表现为被姬蜂寄生后的小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量是被茧蜂寄生的血淋巴蛋白含量的0.7倍。

Along with our country tourism's development, the tourist scenic zone is valued everybody's more and more, after our country joins WTO, the tourism is facing domestic and the overseas two market grave situation, the market competition is day by day intense, along with market competition's aggravating, the competition no longer is between the single competitor's contest, the tourist scenic zone implementation paragenesis marketing becomes one inevitable trend day after day, forms the scale superiority, thus is in an impregnable position in the intense market competition.

随着我国旅游事业的发展，旅游景区越来越受到大家的重视，我国加入WTO后，旅游业面临着国内与国外两个市场的严峻局面，市场竞争日益激烈，随着市场竞争的加剧，竞争已不再是单个竞争者之间的较量，旅游景区实施共生营销日渐成为一种必然趋势，形成规模优势，从而在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。

In addition this paper,"Bio-Rad method," two parasitic wasps of the post-embryonic development the process of protein accumulation in young bees and the host Plutella xylostella in this process in vivo haemolymph protein content were measured and found that over time, was gifuensis parasitic larvae of the diamondback moth haemolymph protein content showed an upward trend in nearly a straight line, Ichneumonidae parasitic For example, in the early parasitic diamondback moth haemolymph protein content also showed the trend of slow growth, but in the mid-and late parasitic young bee about to be completed in the development of the host body when to stop feeding, a significant downward trend却呈, and significantly lower than the third day of its own protein content; on the same day of the different species of the diamondback moth parasitic wasp hemolymph protein content compared Ichneumonidae Parasitism of diamondback moth have hemolymph protein content than in the third and fourth day after the parasitic Braconidae hemolymph content to be high, but very different in the case of the fifth day, as evidenced by her side after the parasitic bee moth haemolymph protein content is cocoon of the parasitic bee hemolymph protein content of 0.7 times.

另外本文采用&Bio-Rad法&对两种寄生蜂胚后发育过程中幼蜂蛋白积累及寄主小菜蛾在此过程中体内血淋巴蛋白含量进行了测定，结果发现随时间的推移，被茧蜂寄生小菜蛾幼虫的血淋巴蛋白含量是呈近直线增加趋势，而对于姬蜂寄生来说，在寄生初期小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量也呈缓慢增长趋势，但在寄生中后期，幼蜂即将完成在寄主体内的发育取食停止时，却呈大幅下降趋势，且明显低于其自身第三天的蛋白含量；对同一天的被不同种寄生蜂寄生的小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量进行比较，姬蜂寄生过的小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量在第三天和第四天均比茧蜂寄生后的血淋巴含量要高，但在第五天的情况大不相同，表现为被姬蜂寄生后的小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白含量是被茧蜂寄生的血淋巴蛋白含量的0.7倍。

Deric remarked with a smile. Every day is better than the former day. Their love will absolutely be more and more stable day after day. Sonija once presented a "WARM" scarf to Deric, which made Deric be very touched and unforgettable. After all there are few girls will present hand-woven scarf to their boyfriends in this wealthy modern society.

温兆伦笑着说，每一天都做得比前一天更好，两人的感情绝对会一天比一天更稳固，郭羡妮曾经送过一条「温暖牌」的围巾给温兆伦，让他非常感动且记忆深刻，毕竟在什么都买得到的现代社会中，会亲手织围巾送男友的女生已经不多了。

The results of study show:1. White pulp and red pulp in parenchyma of spleen of embryo can be obviously discerned after 18 days. Periarterial lymphoid sheath and ellipsoid periarterial lymphoid sheath also can be obviously discerned in spleen of 4 days chicken. T, B lymphocytes in appendix basement of embryo emerge after 20 days. It is the initial shape of cecal tonsil. Crypt structure of conjunction of esophago and stomachus glandularis form obviously at 4 days. It is the initial shape of esophago tonsil. The germinal center firstly emerges in these three organs at 14 days. With the increase of day age, the characteristic structure peripheral immune organs gradually develop mature. Spleen achieve mature at 21 days and cecal tonsil at 35 days.2. IgM~+ and IgA~+ cells in spleen of embryo emerge at 15 days. IgG~+ cell, CD3~+ and CD8~+T lymphocytes of embryo emerge at 20 days. CD3~+, CD8~+ and IgM~+ cells in cecal tonsil of embryo emerge at 20 days. However CD4~+, IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells all emerge in 1 day age chicken out of crust. CD3~+, CD4~+, CD8~+, IgM~+ and IgG~+ cells in esophago tonsil of embryo all emerge at 20 days. However IgA~+ cells emerge in 1 day age chicken out of crust.3. The amount of T, B lymphocytes in peripheral immune organs increase follow with the increase of day age, and hold an upgrade tendency. The amount of T, B lymphocytes in spleen achieved stabilization at 21 days, and in tonsil of esophago and appendix at 35 days.

研究结果表明：1、在组织结构方面，脾脏实质内的白髓与红髓在胚胎18日龄后明显可辨，4日龄雏鸡脾脏中形成明显可辨的动脉周围淋巴鞘和椭球周围淋巴鞘；盲肠基部T、B淋巴细胞在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，即初步形成盲肠扁桃体；食管与腺胃结合处在4日龄时形成明显的隐窝结构，即食管扁桃体初步形成；14日龄时，三种器官中首次出现生发中心；随着日龄的增长，外周免疫器官特征结构不断发育成熟，脾脏在21日龄时达到成熟水平，盲肠扁桃体和食管扁桃体在35日龄时达到成熟水平。2、在T、B淋巴细胞出现时间方面，脾脏中IgM~+和IgA~+细胞在胚胎15日龄时开始出现，IgG~+细胞、CD3~+和CD8~+T淋巴细胞在胚胎18日龄时出现，CD4~+细胞在胚胎20日龄时出现；盲肠扁桃体中CD3~+、CD8~+和IgM~+细胞在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，而CD4~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞均在雏鸡出壳后1日龄时出现；食管扁桃体中CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、IgM~+和IgG~+细胞均在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，而IgA~+细胞则在雏鸡出壳后1日龄时出现。3、在T、B淋巴细胞数量变化方面，外周免疫器官中T、B淋巴细胞的数量随日龄增长，整体均呈上升趋势。

Then, there would be one day for the presentations by the experts in industry and one day to visit the enterprises such as Thales, INRIA and so on, according to interest. Another day has been used for each group, after necessary researches and investigations, contacts with the organizations concerned, to develop a simple plan to create an enterprise --- not a company, including the details of starting fundings, productions, markets, labor force, competitions etc. After the evaluation, such a plan should be showed in a "Grand Oral" in the evening to a jury combined with some leaders and experts of the enterprises, and to all the people in the hall. During the whole day, there were some journalists following, very interesting.

之后，一天时间，有企业界的专家作创业培训；一天时间，大家可以根据兴趣选择参观Thales，INRIA等十家大型企业；一天时间，每个小组经过研究和调查后，提出一个简单的创办一家企业——不是公司——的计划，包括起步资金来源、产品、市场、劳动力状况、市场竞争情况等，期间可以致电相关企业，计划通过评估以后，在当晚的&大讨论&中向大家和由一些企业的领导人和专家组成的评估委员会介绍，并且全天都有记者跟踪采访，非常有趣。

In fact, I also received a bouquet of roses, it is in the Valentine's Day I was in a book shop for their own. Over the years, the cold front of the pommel horse every Valentine's Day are rare. I usually fraternizing with those saying that they appreciate the stresses Hupenggouyou impulses to accompany his wife is not really with the situation Guoqingrenjie people, although these often ungrateful guy dawn of the night to talk about the project and aspirations, however, the long run, I seem to have become the most competitive market conditions in women, especially women who have husbands who are husband. become more assured you can be very safe and very frankly working partners and friends, so Most of the Valentine's Day with my husband had seen no boyfriend, no single sex were not celebrate Valentine's, this year's Valentine's Day. extreme fatigue coupled with the continued late into the night because of overtime daily Pok Man. So when I finished the day in the evening after the blog was alone at home fell asleep nausea Cox, a big dream, whoever Cox?

其实，我还收到过一束玫瑰，那是在某年的某个情人节我自己在花店预订给自己的，多年以来，每到情人节都是门前冷落鞍马稀，平时与我称兄道弟的那些口口声声说欣赏讲爱慕的狐朋狗友们不是要陪着老婆就是真的与情人过情人节，虽然这些忘恩负义的家伙们经常天明不过夜地大谈项目和志向，长此以往，我几乎成了在情场上最最没有竞争力的女子，尤其针对那些有夫之妇们的老公们，更加成为大家都可很安全很放心很坦然共事的伙伴和朋友，所以，我的情人节大都与众位没有老公没有男友没有情人的单身美女们普天同庆，今年的情人节，因不断加班熬夜疲惫至极再加上每日博文，所以当我于那天晚上写完当天的博客之后就是独自回家呼呼大睡闷觉，大梦谁先觉？

The mice inoculated with Coxiella burnetii intrana- sally developed interstitial pneumonia,while the primary pathological changes of mice inoculated intraperitoneally are granulomas in spleen and liver.2.The pathological changes became more severe followed the dosage increasing.3.Coxiella burnetii can be detected in spleen and liver at day 2 after inoculation.the lesion became more and more serious from day 2 to day 12.The characteristic changes were observed at day 7,and recovered at day 14. 4.The reticuloendothelial system are main target of Coxiella burnetii.The pathogen was detected in cytoplasm of monocyte -macrophages of spleen, liver, lung, and endothelioid cells of blood vessel. 5. Coxiella burnetii can be found in macrophages lysosomes by electron microscopy. Most of them are round or rod, and polymorphic shape can also be observed in different size.

结果：1、通过不同感染途径的实验证实，滴鼻感染的小鼠主要表现为间质性肺炎，而腹腔注射感染小鼠则以脾脏、肝脏肉芽肿为主要病变。2、通过不同剂量的感染实验发现，随着感染Q热立克次体剂量的加大，动物病变愈加严重。3、通过感染后不同时间的动态病理学观察发现，在腹腔注射后第2d的脾和肝脏即可发现病原体，主要脏器的病理变化从第2d到第12d逐渐加重，第7d动物的病变最典型，至感染后14d动物的受损器官已开始出现修复性变化。4、 Q热立克次体主要侵害机体的网状内皮系统，在感染小鼠的肝、脾、肺和外周血管单核巨噬细胞以及血管内皮细胞胞浆中查见病原体。5、透射电镜观察可见Q热立克次体主要位于巨噬细胞吞噬溶酶体内，呈多形性，多见圆形和杆状，大小不一。

Egr-1 mRNA and Egr-1 protein hadn't been found in the normal vein. The expressions of Egr-1 mRNA and Egr-1 protein had biphasic changes. By reverse transcription-PCR and in situ hybridization, we found that the level of Egr-1 mRNA rose at 1 hour after graft, the expression of Egr-1 mRNA was (35±7)%. Decline at hour 6, 24 and day 3, the positive rates of Egr-1 mRNA were (8±2)%,(8±6)% and (8±4)% respectively. Reincrease at day 7, a peak at day 28, the positive rate of Egr-1 mRNA was (45±6)%(compared with other phase, P＜0.01). At day 42, the expression of Egr-1 mRNA declined again. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot revealed Egr-1 protein had expressed at hour 2 early phase, the expression of Egr-1 protein was (30±5)%, and until to hour 6. The level of Egr-1 protein was decrease at hour 24 and day 3, the positive rates were (7±3)% and (7±8)% respectively.

结果 自体静脉移植后，Egr-1 mRNA和Egr-1蛋白的表达呈双相变化，即移植后1 h， Egr-1 mRNA表达迅速升高，阳性率为（35±7）%，6 h、24 h及3 d时下降到较低水平，阳性率分别为（8±2）%、（8±6）%和（8±4）％，7 d时又再升高，28 d时达高峰，阳性率为（45±6）%，此与其余各时点比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01），42 d时，Egr-1 mRNA的表达再次下降；移植早期（2 h）即有Egr-1蛋白的表达，阳性率为（30±5）%，并持续至6 h，24 h～3 d表达下降到较低水平，阳性率分别为（7±3）%和（7±8）%，7 d时又再升高，至移植后28 d，Egr-1蛋白的表达阳性率达到高峰，为（40±9）%，此与其余各时点比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。

Looking to bounce back from defeat against Cesena last weekend, the Calabrian boss will be sticking to his tried and tested 4-3-3, with Lopez and Sedivic joined up front in Giampaolo's absence by either Nanni or Plasmati.

鉴于上周末对切塞纳的比赛中反败为胜，这支南方球队将会更坚持其一贯而有效的4-3-3阵型，洛佩斯和塞德维奇将取代受伤缺席的詹保罗，和纳尼或者帕斯马蒂中的一个搭档锋线。

Meanwhile, their exposure to the more freewheeling ways of the West broadened dramatically.

另外，西方较自由的生活方式对年轻人的影响增大。