查询词典 culture contact

By the comparison between archaeological stratigraphy, sediment characteristics of cultural layers and cultural interruptions, 46 ~(14)C chronological data of buried paleotrees and peat, the synthetical analysis of the distribution laws of sites, and the reference to the results from other scholars, we can see that there are 7 cultural interruptions in the three Gorges and 7 cultural interruptions in the Yangtze Delta. They are from the last stage of Chengbeixi Culture to the initial stage of Daxi Culture (7200～6000a BP)→the third stage of Guanmiaoshan Culture Style of Daxi Culture (5800～5500a BP)→the initial stage of Shangzhou Culture (4000～3500a BP )→the last stage of Shangzhou Culture (2500～2200a BP)→During the Song dynasty Culture (960-1276AD) During the Ming and Qing Culture (1368-1911AD) in the prehistorical and historical period in the three Gorges.

对长江三峡和长江三角洲考古遗址进行地层对比，考古遗址文化层和文化断层沉积特征、文化层的叠压关系、考古遗址淤砂和淤土层厚度、46处埋藏古树和39处泥炭的~(14)C年代统计数据和空间分布规律、文化遗址分布的时空变化规律等特征综合分析，发现长江三峡地区新石器时代到历史时期考古遗址地层中有7期文化断层：(1)城背溪文化末期到大溪文化初期(7200～6000a BP)；(2)大溪文化关庙山类型三期(5800～5500a BP)；(3)商周早期(4000～3500a BP)；(4)商周晚期(2500～2200a BP)；(5)宋代时期(960-1276AD)：(6)明清时期(1368-1911AD)；(7)近现代时期。

On the foundation to research achievements of home and abroad scholar about managing across-culture this text has analyzed our country across-culture corporation's present situation and problems, and finds out the problem source that effects the across-culture corporation ?culture divergence, and puts forward the method of handle culture divergence as well as culture mixing means of the across-culture corporation, then explores out concrete management approach of across-culture corporation.

本文在国内外学者对跨文化管理研究成果的基础上，剖析了我国跨文化企业现状及存在的问题，找出了影响跨文化企业发展的问题根源—文化差异，提出了处理文化差异的方法以及跨文化企业文化融合方式，继而探索出具体的跨文化企业管理实现途径。

It is concluded in Chapter Eight that: 1 linguistic proficiencies in three languages play a considerable part in code-switching of EFL teachers in trilingual context; the inter-sentential switching outweighs the intra-sentential switching both in frequencies and percentage; discourse-related switching also outweighs participant-related switching in frequencies and percentage; the EFL is maintained longest in EFL classroom and the language maintained second longest depends upon learners" higher proficiency in Chinese or Tibetan. 2 Ethnic identity and educational background is the major causal factor of EFL teachers" Chinese-English switching in trilingual classroom; duration of language contact and relative trilingual proficiencies are the two principal contributors to the English-Tibetan switching; while Tibetan-English switching is mainly driven by EFL teachers" ethnic identity and education background, as well as the duration of language contact; English-Chinese switching is also largely motivated by the duration of trilingual contact; and Chinese-Tibetan switching is determined by trilingual proficiency to a considerable extent. Meanwhile, psychologically, the switching is mainly motivated by a procedure of psychological projection, trilingual system conceptualization and the mentality of trilingual selection. 3 The educational reflections upon this study indicate: firstly, in trilingual context, the teachers" classroom discourse is characterized by the multilingual involvement, flexibility in strategy option as well as the extension and strengthening of the domination of teachers" discourse. Secondly, the discourse movement and code-switching are largely affected by two cultural ecological mechanisms: enculturation and cultural manipulation. Thirdly, the status quo of EFL trilingual teachers are characterized by unbalanced trilingual proficiencies, poor cultural awareness, and little knowledge of trilingual education and trilingual code-switching, therefore, suggestions are advanced in the end to provide them further education. Fourthly, in trilingual context, the EFL curriculum for ethnic minorities is characterized by plurality of aims, complexity of organization and variety of resources. Meanwhile, it is of great necessity to understand the linguistic values of EFL education for ethnic minority learners. To be specific, firstly, we should not only have a deep understanding of the distribution, construction, function as well as communicative effects of the three languages, but also have a comparative study of the three languages and thus provide the standardization and guidance for the trilingual education. In the end, it is advanced that trilingual EFL provision for ethnic minority should pursue to develop learners" multicultural value system in which first language culture and mother language culture take the central position and EFL culture plays a vital role.

3在三语环境下，教师课堂话语具有话语形态多元化、话语选择策略具有灵活性和教师话语权得到延伸和拓展等特征；文化涵化和文化操控是影响三语教师课堂语码转换的两种文化生态机制；参差不齐的三语水平、淡薄的多元文化意识和对三语教学和语码转换缺乏科学认识是我国目前三语师资的主要特点，因此应对三语教师进行职后继续教育；在三语环境下，民族外语课程具有课程目标多元化、课程组织复杂化和课程资源多样化等特点；应对民族外语教育的语言价值进行审视和解读，对三种语言在课堂话语中的分布趋势、结构特征、功能作用和交际效果等问题进行深入研究，加强对三种语言间的对比分析研究，同时对民族外语教育中的三语教学进行规范和指导；在强调民族文化和二语文化在三语文化格局中心地位和外语文化的重要作用的同时，民族地区的外语教育应以构建多元文化价值观为其文化追求。

With its unique location as the main artery for traffic and trade in southwest China from time immemorial, the south " Silk Road " and the transfer station of " Ancient Tea Horse Route " from Tibet to, Lijiang plays an important role in transmitting flows of trades from central China to southeast Asia and communications between Chinese culture and foreign culture and keeps numerous historical cultural heritages here: Lijiang Ancient City with a reputation of " Plateau Gusu " and " Eastern Venice " firstly estabilished in Nansong Dynasty, protected completely and operated energetically now with national characteristics and local characteristics; Mu ' s Residence called the " Concretionary Ancient Naxi Music ", which was Mu ' s hereditary local office in Lijiang and rebuilt as the ancient town museum in 1998; and numerous ancient temples including Wenfeng Temple, Fuguo Temple, Puji Temple and Yufeng Temple etc. combined with central Chinese culture and local national culture and influenced by Tibetan cultural characteristics; the Baisha Mural with magic Dongba culture taking Naxi ancient religion as carrier and Dongba Classics as the main record manner and reflecting the unique national cultural history of Naxi minority with the only living Dongba hieroglyph in the world and the integration of Taoism, Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and Dongba culture, which becomes the state-level key protected cultural site; and those national culture and national traditional art with abundant cultural content, including Baisha residential buildings and Shuhe residential buildings with long history and unique characteristics and Moso folklore still with matriclan characteristics at Lugu Lake bank, which compiles a colorful article for civilizations.

由于区位独特，丽江自古以来就是我国西南交通贸易大动脉南方"丝绸之路"和由西藏入境的"茶马古道"的中转站，为中原至东南亚南来北往的贸易和沟通中原文化和外来文化影响的传送发挥了重要的作用，同时也在这里留下了众多的历史文化遗存：有始建于南宋，到现今也保护完好，运转鲜活，富有民族特点和地方特色，有"高原姑苏"、"东方威尼斯"美誉的丽江古城；有原为丽江世袭土司木氏衙署、1998年重建后改为古城博物院，被称为"凝固的纳西古乐"的木府，以及可见中原文化与地方民族文化结合，并受到藏族文化特征影响的文峰寺、福国寺、普济寺、玉峰寺等众多的古建寺观；神奇的东巴文化以纳西族古老的宗教为载体，以东巴经书为主要记录方式，反映了纳西族独特的民族文化历史，世界上唯一"活着的"东巴象形文字，融道教、汉佛教、藏传佛教以及东巴文化为一体，成为研究明代艺术奇珍的国家级重点保护文物白沙壁画；历史悠久、独具特色的白沙民居建筑群、束河民居建筑群，以及泸沽湖畔仍具有母系氏族特征的摩梭风情等具有丰富文化内涵的民族文化和民族传统艺术，为人类文明史留下了灿烂的篇章。

Making sure the cognition of our traditional political culture, the article probes into the four phases of its naissance and development: moral、Tao、amenity、logos; and discusses the soil of naissance: agriculture economy is long-standing、the society configuration patriarchal clan system 、Confucianism come into national ideology、the masterdom of Realpolitik; and describes its characteristic: the paternalistic political culture、the political culture worship power 、the political culture of lay store by civilian、the self-discipline political culture、the political culture of potential rules、the equalitarian political culture.

基于对我国传统政治文化以上的界定，探讨了我国传统政治文化的形成和发展过程的四个阶段：德、道、义、理；其赖以生存的土壤：小农自然经济的长期延续、宗法族制的社会结构、儒学的国家意识形态化、权力阶层的支配与匡约；以及其外在的表现特征：家长本位的政治文化、权力崇拜的政治文化、重民的政治文化、自律诉求的政治文化、"潜规则"的政治文化、均平取向的政治文化。

Chapter 3 is demonstration study for the corporation culture in DaLian Commodity Exchange. It briefly introduces the environment analysis of corporation culture in DaLian Commodity Exchange, draws the outline of its background and skeleton and focuses on the cause of formation analysis of the corporation culture in DaLian Commodity Exchange. It studies the exterior and interior causes from the angles of system culture, industry culture, terrain culture, nationality culture, the personal ideas of the entrepreneur and corporation tradition.

第三章开始对大连商品交易所的企业文化进行实证研究，简单对大连商品交易所企业文化建设进行环境分析，勾勒出交易所企业文化形成的背景和脉络，并对现有企业文化成因分析，从制度文化，行业文化，地域文化，民族文化，企业家个人观念和企业传统等方面研究大连商品交易所企业文化的外部成因和内部成因。

Comparing with phototrophic culture and heterotrophic culture, mixotrophic culture can't influence the inducement synthesizing of pigment but improve the cell concentration of Spirulina, so mixotrophic culture has the potential and particular value in large scale culture. But mixotrophic culture has't come true in commercial production up to the present, it is very important to study the high cell-density mixotrophic culture of Spirulina.

混合营养培养与光合自养及异养培养相比，既可提高微藻细胞密度，又不影响色素等光诱导产物的合成，在大规模培养中具有独特的优势，但至今微藻混合营养培养还没有在商业生产上实现，因此开展螺旋藻高密度混合营养培养工艺的研究显得尤为重要。

The BMSCs were divided into six groups after repeatedly passaged: A,the BMSCs were cultured with conventional culture fluid(DMEM culture fluid+20%fetal bovine serum+2 mmol/L aminoglutaric acid amine) all the time;B,the BMSCs were cultured with conventional culture fluid+HGF(25ng/ml)+dexamethasone10~(-7M;C(HGF and Zuoguiwan induced group), the BMSCs were cultured with conventional culture fluid+ HGF(25ng/ml)+ dexamethasone10~(-7M+ 10%Zuoguiwan drug serum;D(conditioned medium and contrast serum induced group), the BMSCs were cultured with conventional culture fluid+50 % conditioned medium+10 % normal rat serum;E(conditioned medium and Bazhentang drug serum induced group), the BMSCs were cultured with conventional culture fluid+50 % conditioned medium+10 % Bazhentang drug serum;F(conditioned medium and Zuoguiwan drug serum induced group), the BMSCs were cultured with conventional culture fluid+50 % conditioned medium+10% Zuoguiwan drug serum.

常规培养组始终使用常规培养液(DMEM培养液+体积分数20％胎牛血清+2mmol／L谷氨酸胺)进行培养；HGF诱导组以常规培养液+促肝细胞生长因子(HGF，25ng／ml)和地塞米松10~(-7M进行培养；HGF加左归丸组以常规培养液+促肝细胞生长因子(HGF，25ng／ml)和地塞米松10~(-7／M+10％的左归丸含药血清进行培养；条件培养液加对照血清组以常规培养液+50％的条件培养液+10％正常大鼠血清进行培养；条件培养液加八珍汤组以常规培养液+50％的条件培养液+10％八珍汤含药血清进行培养；条件培养液加左归丸组以常规培养液+50％的条件培养液+10％左归丸含药血清进行培养。

He not only expounded the demerits of Chinese culture which were manifested in the historical development of the society by regarding the culture as the origin of the demerits, but also based on the view that the ontology of a nation's culture is not discardable, made profound exploration of the core of Chinese culture and the ideological implications which were entailed in the structure of China's social organization - including the social relations and the ruling systems, to show what is typical of Chinese culture and social structure and its relation with the culture of the world, and to promote it to the height that it represents the orientation and future of human culture.

既从文化原发性角度阐述了显现于社会历史领域中的中国文化之种种不足及其根源，同时基于民族文化之本体是不可抛弃的立场，努力挖掘内蕴于中国社会组织构造包括社会关系与制度系统中的中国文化内核和精神意蕴，说明中国文化与社会结构的独特性，以及它与世界文化的关系，将它提升到人类文化之未来方向的高度。

The effects of several components in the culture medium on Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell growth and secondary metabolite synthesis were studied, as well as structural dynamic model. The two-liquid-phase culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon was carried out by choosing the proper organic solvent as the second phase. The bioactive carrier for adsorption was prepared and the condition of cell immobilization was determined. We combined the technique of two-liquid-phase culture and immobilization to carry out the culture. We chose the suitable type of reactor, studied its characteristics and results of cell culture using this reactor. The fed-batch operation was also studied on the basis of twoliquid-phase culture and immobilization used in culture in the reactor.

本文研究了紫草细胞悬浮培养中培养基中多种成分对细胞生长与次生代谢产物合成的影响，进行了结构化的动力学模型研究；通过选择合适的有机溶剂对紫草细胞进行了双液相培养研究；通过确定以吸附为细胞的固定化方法，进行了生物活性吸附载体的制备与固定化细胞的制备研究；并结合双液相培养技术，对紫草细胞进行了固定化培养及其动力学模型的研究；对反应器进行选型，并进行冷模与热模研究；在反应器中进行了固定化紫草细胞的双液相培养条件下的流加操作研究。

But this is impossible, as long as it is engaging in a market economy, there are risks in any operation.

但是，这是不可能的，只要是搞市场经济，是有风险的任何行动。

We're on the same wavelength.

我们是同道中人。