查询词典 criminal law

Starting from the analysis of connotation, historical origin, theoretical basis, and function, the section comes to the conclusions that the major theoretical basis of the policy is economical principle and retribution penalty theory in criminal law, that the policy includes the logical relations of being lenient at the case that deserves leniency and being strict at the case that should be strict","being interdependable and complementary in leniency and punishment", and"being integrated and modest in leniency and punishment, and that in the field of value, the relationship between the two is that criminal law is directed by criminal policy; in terms of countermeasure system, criminal law is in conformity with criminal policy; in the side of specific measures, criminal law is rectified by criminal policy, hence, establishes the corresponding theoretical basis for applying the criminal policy of combining punishment with leniency to judicial practice.

该部分从宽严相济刑事政策的内涵、宽严相济刑事政策的历史发展、宽严相济刑事政策的理论根据以及宽严相济刑事政策的功能等四个方面对宽严相济刑事政策进行了解读，得出宽严相济刑事政策包含着&宽其所宽，严其所严&、&宽严相倚、宽严互补&以及&宽严交融、宽严适度&三个有机联系的方面，宽严相济刑事政策的主要理论根据是刑法学的&谦抑原则&和&刑罚报应刑论&；宽严相济刑事政策对刑事法律具有价值取向上的指导功能；对策系统上的整合功能；具体措施上校正与被校正的功能等一些结论，为更好的将宽严相济刑事政策运用到刑事司法实践中奠定了相应的理论基础。

On the basis of that, one of the important contents of this article is to study the basic principle of criminal law in eye of comparison, meaning detecting all characteristics of criminal law principle by comparison of the basic principle of criminal law to that of constitution and that of civil law, and further checking the old and newly-coming concept of basic principle of criminal law, trying to prepare checking methods for the possibly coming concept of basic principle of criminal law in future.

以此为阶，本文的一个重要内容即是以比较的眼光对刑法基本原则进行研究，即从刑法基本原则与宪法基本原则以及刑法基本原则与民法基本原则的对比分析中找出刑法基本原则的各方面特性，以此进一步检验已有的及新近的提法，并力求对以后刑法基本原则可能出现的提法预备辨认手段。

On the basis of that, one of the important contents of this article is to study the basic principle of criminal law in eye of comparison, meaning detecting all characteristics of basic criminal law principle by comparison of basic principle of criminal law to that of constitution and that of civil law, and further checking the old and newly-coming concepts of basic principle of criminal law, trying to prepare checking methods for the possibly coming concepts of basic principle of criminal law in future.

以此为阶，本文的一个重要内容即是以比较的眼光对刑法基本原则进行研讨，即从刑法基本原则与宪法基本原则以及刑法基本原则与民法基本原则的对比分析中，找出刑法基本原则的各方面特性，以此进一步检验已有的及新近的提法，并力求对以后刑法基本原则可能出现的提法预备辨认手段。

In our country, because there are many debates on the concept, meaning, nature of the crime, the legislature will expand the scope of criminal punishment indiscreetly. In other words, acts that should be punished in accordance with administrative laws are convicted and punished by the criminal law. That can easily expand the subsidiary criminal law, result in conflicts of the prescribed punishment and criminal charges between the criminal law and the subsidiary criminal law, and do harm to the legal order.

由于我国法学界对刑事犯、行政犯、一般行政违法行为的概念、内涵、性质等问题存在颇多争论，在立法时会不自觉地扩大刑事处罚的范围，即对本应处以行政处罚的一般行政违法行为给予刑事处罚，予以犯罪化，容易造成附属刑法的膨胀，在与刑法典的罪名、法定刑衔接上出现不协调之处，对法律秩序的维持有害无益。

During the establishing and developing stages of new Chinese criminal law, the research on criminal law phil osophy made some progress on the detailed issues and methodology of criminal law science, which built the base for the development of new Chinese criminal law a nd criminal law philosophy.

在发轫、初创期完成刑事律学向近现代刑法学转变的同时，奠基于一定刑法学研究成果之上，以思辨之方式探寻刑法之本原的刑法哲学研究也开始萌生；在转型时期的中国刑法学发展中，刑法学理论和实践也发生了彻底的转型，以马克思主义哲学为指导的中国刑法哲学获得了新的启示，取得了一定的成果。

The purpose of this dissertation lies in perfecting relative laws of administration of medical waste,according to the lawmaking and law system of foreign countries.meanwhile,the notion is provided to consummate relative law system and achieve the purpose of holding in the administration of medical waste,environment protect and human health.this dissertation puts forward first-step conceivableness of perfecting lawmaking and law system concerning the administration to disposal of medical waste.because our country's law system concerning medical waste is too immovable and abstract,this research will make our country's law system of the medical waste more concrete and more definite,which will strengthen the operability in the fulfillment and make the lawmaking spirit embodied.simultaneously it provides legal basis and policy support for the administration to disposal of medical waste.the problem of the administration of medical waste enlarges the difficulties of disposal process.to perfect lawmaking,law-executing,law-supervising.is advantageous to strengthen the administration to disposal of medical waste of our country.meanwhile it has theoretic meaning and application value for environment safety and human health.this dissertation is totally divided into four parts.the first part explains the current condition of the administration to disposal of medical waste of our country,which introduces the concept of medical waste,the harm of medical waste,the necessity of administration, current lawmaking condition and present law system of the medical waste.the second part introduces the general situation of lawmaking concerning the administration to disposal of medical waste of the united states,eu,japan and korea.simultaneously it explains the apocalypse of administration to disposal of medical waste of our country.the third part points out the existent law problem of the administration to disposal of medical waste,including lawmaking problem,law enforcement problem and law system problem.the fourth part aims at the relative suggestions to the existent law problems of the administration to disposal of medical waste of our country.the suggestions want to raise lawmaking layer,perfect lawmaking contents,strengthens law enforcement,practice the law system of the manufacturer to be responsible for the medical waste.meanwhile,it gives the advice on the punishment-compensation system,the conduct permit system and the risk fund system.

本论文研究的目的在于借鉴国外有关医疗废物在立法、执法、法律制度等方面的经验，完善适合我国医疗废物管理的相关法律，提出我国有关医疗废物管理的立法构想，完善各项相关的法律制度，以达到规范医疗废物管理、保护环境、保护人类健康的目的。本论文为完善我国医疗废物管理的立法、执法和法律制度提出初步设想，由于我国有关医疗废物的法律制度规定得太原则、太抽象，通过本论文研究，使得我国医疗废物法律制度更具体、更明确，增强在实践中的操作性，使立法精神充分得到体现。同时可以为我国医疗废物管理工作提供法理依据和决策支持。我国医疗废物管理体制的问题加大了医疗废物治理的难度，立法、执法、监督等方面的完善有利于加强对我国医疗废物的管理；在保障可持续发展的环境安全和人类健康领域也具有理论意义和应用价值。本文共分为四个部分，第一部分说明了我国目前医疗废物管理的现状，介绍了医疗废物的概念、危害、进行管理的必要性、当前我国医疗废物的立法现状和法律制度现状。第二部分介绍了美国、欧盟、日本、韩国关于医疗废物管理的立法概况及对我国医疗废物管理的启示。第三部分指出了我国医疗废物管理存在的法律问题，包括立法问题、执法问题和法律制度问题。第四部分针对我国医疗废物管理存在的法律问题提出了相应的建议。建议要提高立法层次、完善立法内容、加强执法力度、实行生产者负责分类回收的法律制度、集中处置法律制度、惩罚性赔偿制度、经营许可证制度、环境责任保险制度和风险基金制度。

In the face of the very grave environmental question and ecocides day by day, the mankind begins to realize that there should be involvement with regular law in the fields of people and natural relation, however, people"s ecological environmental awareness and concrete law are adjusted and only stayed on very undeveloped aspect, this kind of state reflects and protects in the criminal law of the ecological environment too, the legislative thoughts of most countries have inherited the value idea of the traditional criminal law, the traditional criminal law is regarded as the last kind of means to adjust social relationships, the target that adjust is interpersonal social relationships, the object protected by criminal law is that the people"s life , health and property are safe, it is a kind of idea of value taking human interests as the center that reflects.

面对日益深重的环境问题和生态危机，人类开始意识到在人与自然关系的领域中要有法律规则的介入，然而，人们的生态环境意识及具体的法律调整还停留在很不发达的层面上，这种状况反映在生态环境的刑法保护上更为明显，多数国家的立法思想继承了传统刑法的价值理念，传统刑法作为调整社会关系的最后一种手段，其调整的对象是人与人之间的社会关系，受刑法保护的客体是人的生命、健康和财产安全，体现的是一种以人类利益为中心的价值理念。

The modest restraint principle in norms of criminal law proves the ground in the following four aspects:its decisive role in criminal legal system;the humanness requirement in criminal law;the limitedness of criminal law,and the economic nature of criminal law.

刑法规范谦抑原则主要有四个方面的合理根据，即：它是由刑法在法律体系中的地位决定的，是刑法人道化的要求，是刑法有限性的使然，是刑法经济性的体现。

As for the intended crime,the psychological foundation of criminal liability is based on malicious criminal motive and contempt to the criminal law.In addition,in terms of the negligence,what is revealed in the criminal liability is exposed the defect of the criminal personality and in the contemptuous attitude to the criminal law.

对故意犯罪而言，刑事责任的心理基础主要表现为行为人恶劣的犯罪动机和对法律的蔑视态度；就过失犯罪而言，刑事责任的心理基础主要表现为行为人人格的缺陷和对法律的轻视态度。

The application of the criminal mediation in China has its own justifications:the theory of constructing a harmony society and our criminal justice policy of"co-adjustment of leniency and rigorism"provide it with the theoretical and policy basis;criminal mediation meets the need of our current judicial reality.and it is the effctive way to realize all the interests at best.to eliminate the contradictions among the people,and to resolve the problem of judiclal resources restraint in China:criminal mediation is not only advocated by the United Nations,but also a fashion widely applied in different countries;criminal mediation does not contradict the traditional criminal,justice rationales;instead,it reflects the trend of resolving criminal cases in a diverse way,and our pursuit of diverse values.

刑事和解在我国的适用，具有正当性基础，具体表现在：构建和谐社会理论和宽严相济为刑事和解正当性提供了理论依据和政策基础，刑事和解有助于和谐社会的构建，有利于贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策；刑事和解是我国司法现实的需要。是实现利益兼得、有效化解矛盾、解决司法资源紧缺问题的重要途径，也是联合国所提倡的，各国通行的解决刑事纠纷的方式之一；刑事和解与传统刑事司法理论并不相悖，体现了解决刑事案件方式的多元化和价值追求的多元化。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48