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This paper traces developments in the credit risk mea surement literature over the last 20 yearsEssentially,the author reviews the main current credit risk measurement models,egexpert system,credit scoring system,term structure model,mortality model,RAROC model,and CreditMetrics,CreditRisk+,CreditPortfolio View,KmV etcAlso,the author discusses the Suitableness of new models applying in credit risk measuring in credit cooperatives in rural China

本文回顾和介评了 2 0年来特别是近年来信用风险评价方法及模型进展，包括传统的主观分析法、信用评分系统、期限结构模型、死亡率模型、 RAROC模型以及新近推出的所谓内部模型如 Credit- VAR、Ceadit Risk+等。最后，简要分析了国际上流行的信用评价方法对我国农村信用社的适用性

Beginning from the viewpoint that corporation bond is a kind ofcredit tool essentia lly, the paper designs the transverse thread by credit lega l system,which is property right foundation, credit service, oneself credit, credit disclosure ofcorporation bond's credit.

因此公司债券契约是其纵向结构的起点。为此，论文首先分析公司债契约以统领该纵向结构，然后依次探讨公司债发行转让、公司债存续期间的公司债管理途径和公司债与公司治理问题。

Credit cards have become one of the most popular tools when consumers pay the bills with the convenience and rapid development of credit cards. In the situation, the cases of defalcating credit cards increase rapidly. How to detect the abnormality at once has become one of the important problems that the Center of Credit Card has to think carefully when consumers use credit cards.

随著信用卡发行的快速成长与便利性，信用卡已成为最受消费者欢迎的支付金钱的工具之一，但伴随而来的是信用卡盗用之诈欺案件急遽的增加，如何即时侦测出消费者之信用卡交易是否异常，已成为信用卡处理当局必须思考的重要问题之一。

Increased wage income reduces the probability of rural households' demand for formal credit, and non-farm income does not impact formal credit demand but formal credit access. Besides household character, credit products and loan procedure also affect credit demand.

工资性收入负向显著影响农户的正规信贷需求，而非农经营收入占总收入的比例正向显著影响农户正规信贷的可得性，但对农户的正规信贷需求影响不显著。

The author, in combination with the practice of his own participation in relevant construction of credit system for import and export companies carried out by General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China as well as Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau in the recent years, concluded the existing problems in the issue upon deliberate consideration: First, unclear social definition; Second, disunity of realization of the connotation of inspection and quarantine credit system for import and export companies; Third, misunderstanding of rating the comprehensive credit level of enterprises; Fourth, confusion between credit and good faith; Fifth, undistinguished definition between credit rating of enterprise inspection and quarantine and the category of enterprise classified management; Sixth, inappropriate selection of development mode.

笔者结合近一两年来亲身参与国家质检总局和福建检验检疫局的有关进出口企业信用体系建设的实践，经过认真思索，将该项工作目前存在的问题归结为：一是社会定位不清，二是对进出口企业检验检疫信用的内涵认识不统一，三是对评定企业综合信用等级的理解有误，四是信用与诚信不分，五是将企业检验检疫信用等级同企业分类管理类别相混淆，六是发展模式选择不当等六个问题。

As a personal customer, if your loan from ICBC is over RMB 500,000 and repaid for continuous two years without any bad credit record, you will have the priority to get ICBC Credit Card (including Peony International Credit Card, Peony Credit Card, and Peony Quasi Credit Card), and your card's first year annual fee is exempt.

在工行贷款金额50万元以上，且连续两年正常还款、无不良信用记录的个人客户，可优先申请工行信用卡（包括牡丹国际信用卡、牡丹贷记卡、牡丹准贷记卡），并免除一年年费。

Part B. introduce the types of the financial under letter of credit: pacing loan, export negotiation, draft discount under export letter of credit; quota of issuing letter of credit,, trust receipt, import trust receipt loan, guarantee for picking up goods under import letter of credit; the finance under standby letter of credit.

第二部分概要介绍了信用证项下融资的主要类型：对出口商融资的打包放款、出口押汇、信用证项下的汇票贴现、福费廷等；对进口商融资的开证额度、信托收据、进口押汇、担保提货方式等；另外，介绍了备用信用证融资。

The thesis apply the theory of exchange expense and the theory of consign to credit activity. Credit market is deemed as an imperfect market, the paper analyzing the problem of Adverse Selection, Moral Hazard, Credit Admeasure that caused by information asymmetry, so to check the credit system arrangement at academic angle.

论文把制度经济学的委托代理、交易费用等理论应用于我国银行的信贷实践，将信贷市场视为一个不完全信息的市场，分析由此导致的逆向选择和道德风险、信贷配给等问题，从理论的角度考查了信贷制度安排。2、对我国不同阶段的信贷制度进行了一次全面彻底的梳理。

The reason for credit rating becoming the core of credit system and culture of trust of securities market is that information asymmetric goes along with information fault, which keeps credit rating operating in the construction of credit system and culture of trust as a risk measurement, examiner, anticipator, and integration.

资信评估之所以成为证券市场信用制度和诚信文化的核心，是因为在信息不对称的同时，存在信息的缺陷，使得资信评估可以在证券市场的信用制度和诚信文化建设中发挥风险度量、检测、预警和整合的作用。

This article from the introduction freight bill letter of credit's meaning, the flow extremely related characteristic obtains, further discusses letter of credit's risk question, begins from the import-export trade company's service condition to analyze the letter of credit risk each kind of situation, for instance letter of credit's cheat already one of typify risks.

本文从介绍跟单信用证的含义、流程极其相关特点入手，进一步探讨信用证的风险问题，从进出口贸易公司的业务状况着手分析信用证风险的各种情况，比如信用证的欺诈现已成为典型的风险之一。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48