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This showed that capacity of water-holding in biological soil crusts were obvious improve,and effected precipitation permeate or water second distribute process.The study results of"fertile islands"formation mechanism in biological crusts showed that biological crusts layer cover could increased nutrients content for below sand soil through precipitation permeate washing,and it promoted plants assimilate more nutriment.The matter import ways of biological soil crusts fertility island had many ways,including the effection of living macrobiotics metabolism in crusts levels,wind-sand flow of near surface,dust deposition and plants decomposition course,etc.Source of particle matter in biological soil crusts was wind-sand flow of near surface,and not dust deposition.Biological crusts layer cover had preserved effection for nature water content in 0-5cm soil layer,compared with the sand of no biological crusts layer,effecting precipitation permeate,and could not obvious restrained from the water evaporate process indoor experiment.

生物结皮层肥岛形成机制的研究结果表明：生物结皮层覆盖能够通过降水淋溶作用而增加下层土壤养分的含量，进而促进植物对养分的吸收；生物结皮层养分输入有结皮生物代谢、降尘、风沙流和植物分解矿化作用等多(来源：A73e3B3eC论文网www.abclunwen.com)种途径，但生物结皮层的颗粒物质来源主要是近地表风沙流，而不是大气降尘；生物结皮层覆盖对0-5cm土层自然含水量有一定的保护作用，并影响降水向深层渗透，不能有效的阻止表层水分的蒸发进程；研究表明采取人工促进技术能够在流动沙丘上形成生物结皮层，实现流动沙地的快速治理。

The main conclusions indicated that NDVI values seemed to be turning up in the area during recent 22 years (1982—2003). That suggested the vegetation cover was improved in Guizhou. The NDVI increased in the spring and autumn and decreased in the summer and winter. The spring made the largest vegetation contribution in all seasons. Vegetation cover was different from the area and the variation was positive in the central area but negative around the edges of Guizhou.

结果表明：22年来，研究区植被覆盖呈增加趋势，表明贵州省植被生态环境向好的方向发展；贵州省平均植被覆盖在春季和秋季呈上升趋势，夏季和冬季呈下降趋势，其中春季对植被覆盖总变化量的贡献最大；植被覆盖程度增减因区域不同而异，变化程度呈增加的区域主要位于贵州省的中部地区；变化程度呈减小的区域分布在贵州省的四周边缘。

The following results are made from this research: Assessing data quality and band combination of different bands in line with geo-target features in desertification areas, and determining basic bands for desertification monitoring. And understanding and studying the spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets in the experimental area, raising that it is the basis of geo-targets information collection with imaging spectrometer data to understand spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets, realizing that in a great extent spectral-integrated-form-based classification method can remove the phenomenon of "different spectrum with same objects" resulted from reflection ratio curve translation because of the angle change among sensor, targets and observation direction, and the average and variance images can be introduced to solve the problem of two kinds of geo-target with similar spectral forms and much different values of whole reflectionratio. It is suggested that "red edge" range bands of vegetation, which has close relationship with vegetation cover and biomass, is the main characteristic bands and important basis for careful vegetation classification and quantitative retrieval, and pixel-based derivative spectral analysis is very useful for removing the effects of soil background values and quantitatively retrieving vegetation biomass and cover. The remote sense quantitative retrieval model is developed for main appraisable factors of desertification monitoring assessment with imaging spectrometer data and then the applicability of model is analyzed.

研究结果如下：首先针对荒漠化地区的地物特征，对高光谱数据不同波段的数据质量、波段组合进行了评价，提出了适用于荒漠化监测的基本波段选择集；初步了解和掌握了研究地区的地物光谱特性及变异规律，进一步明确了掌握地物光谱特征和变异规律是用成像光谱仪数据提取地物信息的基础；发现了基于光谱整体形状的分类方法在很大程度上能够消除由于传感器、地物目标观测方向之间的角度变化引起的反射率曲线整体平移的"同物异谱"现象，对于谱形相似而整体反射率的值相差较大的两类地物，通过引入均值和方差图像参与分类得到解决；研究还表明在植被"红边"范围内的波段是进行荒漠化监测的主要特征波段，这些波段与植被生物量和盖度都有密切的关系，是开展精细植被分类研究和植被定量反演的重要基础；像元的导数光谱分析可以消除土壤背景的影响，是进行植被生物量和盖度定量反演的有力工具；建立了荒漠化监测主要评价因子的定量反演模型，并分析了模型的适用性。

The following results are made from this research: Assessing data quality and band combination of different bands in line with geo-target features in desertification areas, and determining basic bands for desertification monitoring. And understanding and studying the spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets in the experimental area, raising that it is the basis of geo-targets information collection with imaging spectrometer data to understand spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets, realizing that in a great extent spectral-integrated-form-based classification method can remove the phenomenon of "different spectrum with same objects" resulted from reflection ratio curve translation because of the angle change among sensor, targets and observation direction, and the average and variance images can be introduced to solve the problem of two kinds of geo-target with similar spectral forms and much different values of whole reflectionratio. It is suggested that "red edge" range bands of vegetation, which has close relationship with vegetation cover and biomass, is the main characteristic bands and important basis for careful vegetation classification and quantitative retrieval, and pixel-based derivative spectral analysis is very useful for removing the effects of soil background values and quantitatively retrieving vegetation biomass and cover. The remote sense quantitative retrieval model is developed for main appraisable factors of desertification monitoring assessment with imaging spectrometer data and then the applicability of model is analyzed.

研究结果如下：首先针对荒漠化地区的地物特征，对高光谱数据不同波段的数据质量、波段组合进行了评价，提出了适用于荒漠化监测的基本波段选择集；初步了解和掌握了研究地区的地物光谱特性及变异规律，进一步明确了掌握地物光谱特征和变异规律是用成像光谱仪数据提取地物信息的基础；发现了基于光谱整体形状的分类方法在很大程度上能够消除由于传感器、地物目标观测方向之间的角度变化引起的反射率曲线整体平移的&同物异谱&现象，对于谱形相似而整体反射率的值相差较大的两类地物，通过引入均值和方差图像参与分类得到解决；研究还表明在植被&红边&范围内的波段是进行荒漠化监测的主要特征波段，这些波段与植被生物量和盖度都有密切的关系，是开展精细植被分类研究和植被定量反演的重要基础；像元的导数光谱分析可以消除土壤背景的影响，是进行植被生物量和盖度定量反演的有力工具；建立了荒漠化监测主要评价因子的定量反演模型，并分析了模型的适用性。

There were lesser and fewer in commercial species and its numbers in the cover net, and the sum of Nemipterus virgatus , Saurida tumbil , Upeneus bensasi , Trachinocephalus myops comprised 95.4% in number and 86.0% in weight of sample catch in the cover net,respectively. The high percentage of juvenile commercial species that were undersized in the codend showed 30.3 mm square mesh codend had more serious damage to most juvenile commercial species, approaching or exceeding 50% in percentage of juvenile species which body length is smaller than fishable size- Trichiurus haumela, Priacanthus tayenus , Navodon tessellatus, Argyrosomus argentatus, Nemipterus bathybius and so on, even exceeding 90% in percentage of juvenile Sepia spp, Loligo spp and Parastromateus niger. In particular, 50% selection lengths ( L 0.5) caught Saurida tumbil and Nemipterus virgatus were smaller than their minimum fishable size.

结果表明，这种规格的方目网囊平均尾数逃逸率为29.76%，平均重量逃逸率为8.46%；出现在套网中的经济种类少、数量少，条尾绯鲤、金线鱼、多齿蛇鲻、大头狗母鱼4种鱼的尾数和重量分别占套网抽样渔获的95.4%和86.0%；网囊中带鱼、长尾大眼鲷、黄鳍马面鲀、白姑鱼、深水金线鱼等鱼种的体长小于可捕标准的个体尾数比例均超过或接近50%，枪乌贼、乌贼、乌鲳等幼鱼尾数比例达90%以上，多齿蛇鲻和金线鱼50%选择体长均未达到最低可捕标准，表明该种规格网囊对多数经济种类幼体的损害比较严重。

These antennas can cover GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation. In the chapter 2, the antenna is designed based on the concept of monopole antenna. Furthermore, the antenna structure have two radiant paths and coupled each other at tail end to do impedance matching. In addition, to raise distance between radiation plane and ground will avoid capacitative effect effectually. In the chapter 3, the antenna is designed based on the concept of planar inverted-F antenna. Furthermore, that the antenna structure have two radiant paths and coupled each other at tail end to do impedance matching is similar to chapter 2. But there is a difference in them. We can choose the short position to change input impedance at this structure. In the chapter 4, the antenna is designed based on the concept of planar inverted-F antenna which takes coupled-fed. It will produce the first mode and high-order mode near the frequency, 900MHz. The feature of this type is to reduce the volume effectually. This antenna can not only cover GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation but maintain good radiation efficiency. Finally, we will compare three antennas, and develop procedure with industrial view, and propose the prospect of the GSM/GPRS antenna in PND, as a conclusion.

在第二章中，我们使用单极天线设计概念，使用双路径架构并於末端耦合来对天线阻抗做匹配，产生涵盖GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS四频操作频带，并提高与接地面的辐射高度，以避免电容效应，使天线具有良好的辐射特性；在第三章中，使用倒F形天线设计概念，使用双路径架构於末端耦合，并於辐射臂上采取适当接地点电感效应作输入阻抗匹配，达成涵盖GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS系统的四个操作频带；在第四章中，采用倒F形架构并使用耦合馈入方式，使得长辐射金属臂在低频900 MHz附近产生共振，产生低频基频模态及高阶模态，以达成宽频及频宽涵盖GSM900/DCS/PCS/UMTS频带操作，并有效缩减使用体积；最后，分别比较此三种架构的优缺点，再加以业界角度来思考，研发产品天线的流程及思考方向，以及天线应用於可携式导航装置中未来的展望作为本论文的总结。

Based analyzing and interpreting the MSS,TM,ETM+ remote sensing images at three temporal stages in 1977,1987 and 1999,in this paper the data of dynamic information of land use/cover change in the Reclaimed Area in the lower reaches of the Tarim River since recent 22 years are derived,and the change characteristics of areas,centroidal shift and change process of the main land use/cover types are lucubrated.

在分析和解译1977、1987和1999年三个时相的MSS，TM和ETM+遥感影像基础上，得到塔里木河下游垦区22年来土地利用/覆盖的动态变化信息，并对其数量变化特征、重心移动和主要变化类型进行了研究。

Different climate change in west and east part of north China in recent years is major reason for this phenomenon, not vegetation cover, but degenerated vegetation cover, corresponding to abnormal droughty climate during these period, is one of reasons for abnormally high dust activity in the end of 9Os'in Huabei Plain.

九十年代末，对应于我国北方地区，特别是华北地区干旱少雨的气候条件，植被覆盖状况有明显下降的趋势，这可能是世纪末华北地区沙尘活动频繁的一个重要原因，但我国西部沙尘源区沙尘气溶胶光学厚度仍然保持继续下降的趋势。

When reached logarithm growth phase, it was poured or the medium was removed. 5 mL medium containing 10 mg/L mitocin-C was added , kept at 37 ℃, and then cultured in saturated humidity warm box with the CO2 of 0.05 fraction volume for 2 or 3 hours. It was coated with 0.1% gelatin in 6-hole plate, laid for over 30 minutes, and then threw away or the medium with mitocin-C was removed, washed with phosptat buffer for 5 times so as to remove the mitocin-C. 2 mL 0.05% trypsin digestive cells were added, and it was observed under microscope. When crevice appeared, cells became round (about 2－4 minutes), digestion was stopped by adding medium of the same volume, and blew up with straws repetitively to make it into monoplast suspension. Special-used cover glass was put in the center of cell counting chamber. Cells were sucked in by glass siphon, and cell suspension flew out at bucket of up or down-sides of counting chamber, until the cover glass was filled with fluid. Living cell were inoculated at concentrations of 3×108, 5×108, 1×109 L－1 after their number counted.

选取2～5代的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞，待其至对数生长期倒掉或吸掉培养基，加入含10 mg/L丝裂霉素C的细胞全培养液5 mL，置37 ℃，体积分数0.05的CO2饱和湿度温箱中培养二三小时，在6孔板中加入0.1%明胶包被，放置30 min以上，倒掉或吸掉含丝裂霉素C的培养基，磷酸盐缓冲液清洗5遍，尽量除去丝裂霉素C，加入2 mL 0.05%的胰蛋白酶消化细胞，镜下观察，当细胞间出现裂隙，细胞变圆时（约2～4 min），立即加入等量的全培养液终止消化，并用吸管反复吹打，使之成为单细胞悬液，在细胞计数板中央放置专用的盖玻片，用玻璃虹吸管吸取细胞，让虹吸管在盖玻片上或下侧的计数板凹槽处流出悬液，至盖玻片下被液体充满为止。

After completing the room covers, in room distribute system will inevitably change the big net original cover situations. This article has carried on the analysis to the signal divulging question. Through to in the edge field intensity computation and the building structure, the article proposed avoids method which reveals. Analyzed simultaneously the possible influence to depot rate lost call of base station produces and proposed the solution method. From three different aspects of falls in the speech, the article proposed influence of in room cover to the base depot voice dropout rate, and induced three kinds of reasons as well as the questions which should be paid attention to in the engineering design.

在室内覆盖完成以后，势必会改变大网原有的覆盖情况，将对大网产生一定的负面影响，本文对信号的泄漏问题进行了分析，通过对边缘场强的计算和楼内的结构，提出了避免泄露的方法：分析了对所选用的宏基站呼损率所可能产生的影响并提出了解决的方法；从质差掉话、弱信号掉话、切换掉话三个方面提出了室内覆盖对基站掉话率产生的影响，并归纳出了产生以上三种掉话的原因以及在工程设计中应该注意的问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。