查询词典 cost absorption

Cu2O is considered to be an attractive material since it has the advantages of non-toxicity, high absorption coefficient and low-cost producibility. To understand Cu2O characteristics can provide useful and fundamental datum to promote the efficiency of solar cells.

因具有低成本、无毒性、自然界含丰富，在可见光有很好的光吸收特性、并可利用各种镀膜法来沉积薄膜，制程简单且成本低廉等优点，於是了解氧化亚铜材料特性，可以更加改善太阳能电池的效能与其应用。

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is a direct band gap semiconductor with optical band gap energy of 2.0 - 2.5eV. It is a non-stoichiometric p-type semiconductor. The attractiveness of cuprous oxide as a photovoltaic materials because of its high absorption coefficient in visible regions, non-toxicity, abundantly available starting material on the earth and low cost producibility.

氧化亚铜为直接能隙P型半导体材料，是属於一种非化学计量比缺陷半导体(non stoichiometric defect semiconductor)，光学能隙值约在2.1-2.5eV之间，具有低制造成本、无毒性、起始材料在自然界中含量丰富等优点，并且在可见光范围内具有相当高的光吸收系数，因此主要的应用可用来制造太阳能电池元件。

The process has the advantages of simple process, high efficiency, low cost and good stability, and conveniently and stably guarantees the preparation process of copper indium selenide absorption layer films.

本发明具有工艺简便，效率高，成本低，稳定性好等优点，为制备铜铟硒吸收层薄膜的制备工艺提供了便捷和稳定的保证。

The absorption catalyst can be circularly used, thus desulfurization cost is lowered.

该吸收催化剂可循环使用，降低了脱硫的成本。

With the support of a major research grant of Zhejiang Province (No. 001101027) and the Plan of Promoting Education of Excellence of Zhejiang University in the 21st Century, this dissertation is devoted to address the above problems and fabricate an L-band EDFA with low cost, high performance and technological innovation.First the mechanism of an erbium doped fiber amplifier is introduced. Various theoretical models based on classical rate propagation equations are summarized and compared for their applications. We use a modified numerical model based on the Giles model, which agrees with the experimental results well. This serves as the theoretical base for the whole thesis and will be used to optimize the characteristics of EDFAs. A novel method based on a map of noise figure and gain is proposed to analyze efficiently the dependence of the noise figure and gain for EDFAs on the EDF length and the pump power. The characteristics of various EDFAs are studied and compared.Secondly, some important parameters are introduced to describe the characteristics of EDFAs. The methods and the experimental setups for measuring the gain and noise figure of an EDFA are emphasized. We introduce how to measure the characteristics of each component of an EDFA, especially the gain and absorption coefficient of an erbium doped fiber.Thirdly, four types of simple and novel L-band EDFA structures with low noise, high gain and low gain ripple are proposed to satisfy the requirement of a DWDM system. They can be classified into two categories. In the first category, a single ASE pumping is served asa secondary pump. This category includes the following three types. Type: a new construction using a fiber Bragg grating in an unpumped EDF section at the input side. Type: a new structure of L-Band EDFA with two-stage pumps, which utilizes the forward ASE as a second pump.

本论文本着科技创新、服务于生产实践的精神，以设计价格低廉，性能优越、结构合理简单的L-band EDFA为目标，依托浙江省科技厅重大科学基金资助项目(001101027)和浙江大学振兴教育计划资助的全光网络的搭建—《光通信技术》课程实验建设项目，展开了如下工作：首先，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的工作原理，归纳总结了基于速率方程基础的EDFA的各种理论模型，分析比较了各个模型的特点和适用场合，最终选择完善的Giles理论模型作为本论文分析设计EDFA的理论基础；针对实际实验条件提出了修正的EDFA模型的数值计算方法；创新地提出了增益—噪声系数全局分析法，直观有效地分析了EDFA的增益和噪声系数与掺铒光纤长度和泵浦功率的依赖关系，并对各种EDFA的性能作了全面的比较；第二，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器特性参数的定义与测量方法，重点介绍了噪声系数和增益系数的测量方法及实验装置；介绍了组成掺铒光纤放大器各组件的特性测量方法，重点介绍了测量掺铒光纤参数的方法和实验装置；第三，针对WDM系统对L-band EDFA谱平坦、低噪声、高增益的要求，我们创新地提出了四种不同的L-band EDFA结构，按设计思路可以分为两大类：一类是基于单抽运二级泵浦法，这一类包括在未泵浦掺铒光纤的输入端插入一根布拉格光纤光栅的两段L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于前向ASE光作为二级泵浦源推动下一级EDF工作的泵浦分配、两段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于单根光纤光栅、泵浦分配、两段级联的EDFA；另一类则是基于同时应用前后向C-band ASE作二级泵浦源的双抽运法，如基于前后向ASE光作为二级泵浦源的三段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构。

Energy is stored inside the algal cell in the forms of lipids and carbohydrates, and can be converted into fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. ENN screens fastest-growing、high-lipid content algae with high-throughput screen and genetic engineering technologies; ENN enhances light utilization efficiency and CO2 absorption efficiency with mass-cultivation and low-cost photobioreactor technologies; ENN industrializes micao algae bioenergy with waste water and heat reuse technologies.

采用高通量筛选和基因工程改造，获取生长速度快、油脂含量高、适合工业生产的优良藻种；采用高密度立体养殖技术和高效低成本光生物反应器技术，提高光利用效率及二氧化碳吸收效率；采用含氮、磷较高的工业废水回用技术和工业废热利用技术，提高养殖效率，降低养殖成本，实现微藻生物能源的产业化。

Due to the high efficiency switching power supply, generally 80% or more, so the choice of the output current should be accurately measured or calculated maximum absorption current electrical equipment, so be selected with switching power supply with high cost performance.

因开关电源工作效率高，一般可达到80%以上，故在其输出电流的选择上，应准确测量或计算用电设备的最大吸收电流，以使被选用的开关电源具有高的性能价格比。

Glass wool exports of advanced injection method of centrifugal glass wool production technology, to produce the texture soft, fine fibers, elastic back, fire the glass wool blanket roll,(can be gluten Paving folder, such as aluminum foil laminate), for steel architecture provides an ideal acoustic insulation materials, the products have: heat absorption, and project cost low, a short work cycle, non-toxic, does not stimulate the skin to ensure that the construction of health, appearance and other characteristics of the elegant appearance.

出口玻璃棉采用先进的离心喷吹法玻璃棉生产工艺，生产出质地柔软，纤维细、回弹性好，防火的玻璃棉卷毡，，为钢结构建筑提供了理想的保温吸声材料，本品具有：保温吸声效果好、工程造价低、施工周期短、无毒、不刺激皮肤，确保施工人员健康、外形美观大方等特点。

Glass wool exports of advanced injection method of centrifugal glass wool production technology, to produce the texture soft, fine fibers, elastic back, fire the glass wool blanket roll,(can be gluten Paving folder, such as aluminum foil laminate), for steel architecture provides an ideal acoustic insulation materials, the products have: heat absorption, and project cost low, a short work cycle, non-toxic, does not stimulate the skin to ensure that the construction of health, appearance and other characteristics of the elegant appearance.

玻璃隔热棉：采用先进的离心喷吹法玻璃棉生产工艺，生产出质地柔软，纤维细、回弹性好，防火的玻璃棉卷毡，，为钢结构建筑提供了理想的保温吸声材料，本品具有：保温吸声效果好、工程造价低、施工周期短、无毒、不刺激皮肤，确保施工人员健康、外形美观大方等特点。

Glass wool exports of advanced injection method of centrifugal glass wool production technology, to produce the texture soft, fine fibers, elastic back, fire the glass wool blanket roll,(can be gluten Paving folder, such as aluminum foil laminate), for steel architecture provides an ideal acoustic insulation materials, the products have: heat absorption, and project cost low, a short work cycle, non-toxic, does not stimulate the skin to ensure that the construction of health, appearance and other characteristics of the elegant appearance.

玻璃纤维棉采用先进的离心喷吹法玻璃棉生产工艺，生产出质地柔软，纤维细、回弹性好，防火的玻璃棉卷毡，，为钢结构建筑提供了理想的保温吸声材料，本品具有：保温吸声效果好、工程造价低、施工周期短、无毒、不刺激皮肤，确保施工人员健康、外形美观大方等特点。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。