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Irradiation from a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (pulse duration: 12 ns, repetition rate: 10 Hz) was focused onto the sample surface by a plano-convex lens with a spot diameter of about 1 mm to ablate a portion of sample and generate a micro plasma.

一个平凸透镜把斑直径大约为1 mm的光量开关Nd： YAG激光器（脉宽：12 ns；重复频率：10 Hz）辐照聚焦于样品表面，用来烧蚀样品的一部分，形成一个微等离子体。

Using two symmetrical plano-convex lens system to fabricate grating was analyzed and the characteristic of diffraction wavefront aberration of the grating was summarized by ray tracing program using MATLAB siftware.

分析使用两个对称的单平凸透镜光路制作光栅并用MATLAB编写光线追迹程序分析了所制作的光栅的衍射波像差的特点，经计算得出在较小焦比D/F情况下其衍射波像差仅与两支光路点光源的调节偏差之差有关与单独的各个偏差无关；初级像差中球差很小几乎可忽略：彗差仅与垂轴调节偏差之差成线性关系；像散仅与轴向调节偏差之差成正比；且当平凸透镜的焦比D/F增大时，各像差项迅速增大。

Open Linear Encoder includes main grating scale and optical encoder head. This optical encoder head includes LED light source, optical detector module, and secondary phase-grating. LED light will pass through the plano-convex lens and produces parallel light. As the parallel light pass through secondary grating, the quadratic image display on the main grating scale. And the Moire interference will be reflected from the main grating scale and detected by optical detector module, as there is a relative shift between the main and secondary grating. From detecting the periodic sinusoidal signal with phase difference 90°, the period represents the grating pitch, using the counter to detect the number of periodic signals to get the displacement, and we can adapt the technology of electron subdivide further to increase the resolution of measurement .

反射式光学尺包括主光栅尺及光学读头，光学读头包含LED光源、光侦测器模组及相位式副光栅，LED光源经平凸透镜，产生平行光穿透副光栅后，副光栅之二次成像投射在反射主光栅尺上，当主、副光栅因相对运对产生之Moire干涉经主光栅尺反射至光电检测器，检出相位差90°之周期性弦波讯号，其周期代表栅距，因此可用计数器检出周期性讯号数目得到位移量，可进一步采用电子细分割技术提高解析度。

If P is a convex lattice polygon, and its pair-wise disjoint family of translates are also lattice polygons, whose union contains every lattice point, it is called a TLP .

若P为凸格点多边形，其内部边界不交平移覆盖平面格点集，则称之为可平移格点多边形TLP。记顶点数为v的TLP的内格点数的下确界为i ，得出i(5)=i(6)=1，i(7)=i(8)=4。

A new algorithm of concave-convex feature of polygon is introduced in this paper.

介绍一种求多边形凸凹性的新算法。

Chapter two sets up the random convex polyhedral aggregate model of concrete with 2d which basing on the primary researches.

第二章主要是在前人的基础上，进行混凝土随机骨料模型的二维建模。

I-1 n 2 i for the problem of shortest path amidst a fixed number of convex polyhedral obstacles.

在包含一组相互分离凸多面体的三维空间中为任意两点寻找最短路的问题是个NP问题［2］。

In order to store and dispose of these kinds of curves, we present the concepts of convex rate and polyline to describe line segments and arcs by the same format.

为了便于计算机存储和处理，给出了直线和圆弧的统一表示形式，并在此基础上给出了多义线的定义与存储结构。

In first part it pays attention to theory study. Afterwards, based on linear programming, we introduce some properties of conic optimization and its dual problem, which are a kind of especial convex programming. In second part, we apply these theories to practice, such as least-squares problems, polynomial solution and approximating covariance matrices, and other aspects .

第一部分是理论研究：在线性规划的基础上重点介绍了一种特殊的凸规划类型——锥规划及其对偶锥规划，并介绍了锥规划及其对偶锥规划的发展及其性质。

Products has led pneumatic pressure beds, a hydraulic machine, precision hydraulic machine, hydraulic press Gaoke digital, large hydraulic machine \ door-type hydraulic machine, a small hydraulic machines, hydraulic punching machine, the four columns in a hydraulic press, C type hydraulic press, pressure booster bed, membrane switch convex pressure machine, LCD protective film cutting machine Hydraulic machinery.

主导产品有气动压床、油压机、精密油压机、高科数位油压机、大型油压机\门型油压机、小型油压机、油压冲床、四拄油压机、C型油压机、增压压床、薄膜开关压凸机、液晶保护膜裁切机等气动液压机械。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。