查询词典 contract of guarantee

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Third, this paper theoretically demonstrates and analyzes the four assumptions of the preference theory of guarantee behavior of Chinese listed companies:(1) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, Chinese listed companies take on the risks, duties and functions on evaluating and supervising the debtors which Chinese banks transfer to listed companies;(2) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, the irrational financial and investmental psychology of the debtors bourgeons, and then, results in the appearance of irrational behaviors;(3) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, the security screening system of bank is deformed, the "relation-security system" forms, and results finally that the self-develop system of the debtors becomes flabby;(4) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, the "guarantee chains" and the "guarantee nets" give birth, and the "tool" function of guarantee,"guarantee chains" and "guarantee nets" forms.

第三，对中国上市公司担保行为偏好理论的&四大假说&进行了理论分析和验证：一是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，上市公司承担了由银行通过保证担保转移过来的、对借款人进行评判和监督的风险、责任和职能；二是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，借款人非理性投融资心理倾向萌发，并进而导致其非理性投融资行为产生；三是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，银行担保筛选机制扭曲、&关系—担保机制&形成，并最终导致借款人&自强&功能弱化；四是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，担保链、担保网得以催生以及保证担保、相互担保和担保网的工具性功能得以形成。

Acceptance Criteria Activity Duration Estimation; Activity Definition; Activity Sequencing; Addenda Approved budget Arbitration Award of Contract ; Award Criteria Audits Balanced Matrix; Baseline Bill of Quantities Brainstorming Characteristic Checklists civil engineering civil building Claims Clarify Closing Communication Management Communications Planning Communications Skills Communication channels or paths Completion Computer-based Concrete structure Conditions of Contract Conflict Management Contract Management Contract administration Change Control Contract Closure Contract file Contract agreement; Contractual obligations Contractor Contractor's Representative Construction Management Planning Contract Price Control Chart Cost Estimating; Cost of Quality Cost Control Cost Budgeting Cost Management Co-operation Failure costs Critical Path Feedback Fixed-price Fossils Force Majeure Daywork Functional Organization Decision; Fundamental Tenets Decision Tree Defects Liability Definitions Delphi technique General Rules Deliverables General Provisions Deviation; Generation Direct Costs Discounted cash flow; Dissemination Highway engineering; Discharge Human Resource Management; Disputes Human Resource Planning Drawings Hydraulic engineering; Hydroelectric engineering; Employer's Taking Over Identity Certificate Evaluation of Tenders Initiating Process Group; Executing Process Group Instructions to Tenderers Industrial building Investment payback analysis; Ineffective Individual and team performance Information Distribution Negotiation Indirect Costs Nominated Subcontractors Incentive bonus Information Technology Interpretation; Insurance Observation Inspections Off-site Online On-the-job training Opening of Tender

验收标准活动时间的估计；活动的定义；活动序列分析；增编核定预算仲裁授予合同；授标标准审计平衡矩阵；基线工程量清单集思广益特性清单土木工程民用建筑索赔澄清闭幕通信管理通信规划沟通技巧沟通渠道或路径完成以计算机为基础的混凝土结构合同条件冲突管理合同管理合同管理变更控制合同结束合同文件合同协议；合同义务承包承包商的代表规划建设管理合同价格控制图成本估算；质量成本成本控制成本预算成本管理合作失败成本关键路径反馈固定价格化石不可抗力计日工职能组织决定；基本原理决策树缺陷责任定义德尔福技术的一般规则交付的一般规定偏差；代直接费用贴现现金流量；传播公路工程；放电的人力资源管理；争端的人力资源规划图纸水利工程；水电工程；雇主接管身份证书评标启动过程组；执行过程组指示的投标工业建设投资回报分析；无效个人和团队的业绩信息分配谈判指定分包商的间接费用激励奖金信息技术解释；保险观察视察场外在线在职培训开幕投标

Firstly, it analyses the object of contract rescission from several angels, concludes that the object of contract rescission should be the original right and obligation in the contract, the contract itself and the right and obligation in the contract for the purpose of remedy is not rescinded. So the problem that whether contract rescission has retroactivity effect becomes the problem that whether contract rescission makes the original right and obligation in the contract vanishes retroactively.

笔者对合同解除的标的进行分析，认为合同解除的标的应该是合同内容中的原始性权利义务，合同解除后合同本身和合同中的救济性权利义务并不因合同解除而消灭，正因为此，关于合同解除是否有溯及力的问题也变成了合同解除后是否使合同中的原始性权利义务溯及地消灭的问题。

Subject to the conditions of this section and to such terms and conditions as the Administrator determines to be necessary to carry out the purposes of this title, the Administrator is authorized to guarantee, and to make commitments to guarantee, the principal and interest (including interest accruing between the date of default and the date of the payment in full of the guarantee) of any loan, obligation, or participation therein of any State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency issued directly and exclusively to the Federal Financing Bank to finance that part of the cost of any grant-eligible project for the construction of publicly owned treatment works not paid for with Federal financial assistance under this title, which project the Administrator has determined to be eligible for such financial assistance under this title, including, but not limited to, projects eligible for reimbursement under section 206 of this title. No guarantee, or commitment to make a guarantee, may be made pursuant to this section—(1) unless the Administrator certifies that the issuing body is unable to obtain on reasonable terms sufficient credit to finance its actual needs without such guarantee; and (2) unless the Administrator determines that there is a reasonable assurance or repayment of the loan, obligation, or participation therein. A determination of whether financing is available at reasonable rates shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury with relationship to the current average yield on outstanding marketable obligations of municipalities of comparable maturity.

依于这个部分的条件和对如此期限和条件象管理员确定是必要执行这个标题的目的，管理员被批准保证，并且做承诺保证，主要和兴趣(包括兴趣累积在缺省日期和付款的日期之间充分保证)的任何贷款，义务，或参与在其中任何状态，自治市，或intermunicipal 或跨境代办处直接地和完全被发布对联邦财务银行提供经费一部分的任何授予合格的项目的费用为公开地拥有的治疗工作的建筑没被支付以联邦经济援助在这个标题之下，哪个项目管理员确定是有资袼这样的经济援助在这个标题之下没有保证，或承诺做保证，可以被做寻求这个部分(1)除非管理员证明发布的身体无法获得在合理的期限充足的信用提供经费给它的实际需要没有这样的保证；并且(2)除非管理员确定有贷款的合理的保证或偿还，义务，或参与在其中。

On the basis of questionnaire survey, interview and comparative studies of domestic and international practices, this dissertation, in terms of the credit financing guarantee theory and the principal-agent theory under asymmetrical information, discusses the necessity of introducing guarantee to GSSL and examines the following questions: why guarantee can solve the problems of high default rate and credit stinting, which kind of guarantee is suitable for GSSL, which body is fit for providing guarantee for GSSL and how to motivate the guarantor to accomplish the guarantee task of GSSL.

本文在问卷调查、访谈调查和国际比较研究的基础上，运用信息不对称下的信贷融资担保理论、委托—代理理论，论述将担保引入到国家助学贷款中的必要性，探究担保为何能够解决拖欠率高和银行惜贷问题、哪种担保方式适合国家助学贷款、哪些主体适合为国家助学贷款提供担保以及如何激励担保人做好国家助学贷款担保工作。

Based on the current status of domestic invalidation of contract system, reference to the foreign regulations and foreign law and regulations on the invalidation of contract, and starting with the implications of law, the essay focuses o the following aspects: The first three aspects emphasize the analysis on the characters of three types of contracts, which will probably lead to the invalidation of contracts (including invalid contract, dischargeable contract and waiting for efficacy contract), the identification of the lawsuit prescription of invalid contract and the eliminating period of dischargeable contract.

本文拟立足于我国合同无效制度的现状，借鉴国外立法的有关合同无效的规定和法学理论，结合司法实践，从合同无效的法律内涵出发，着重论述以下四方面的内容：前三个方面是对可能引起合同无效后果的三类合同(无效合同，可撤销合同，效力待定合同)性质的分析，并阐述了无效合同的诉讼时效以及可撤销合同的除斥期间的认定等问题。首先是对于绝对无效合同和相对无效合同的区分，笔者认为应采用严格法定主义原则，进一步缩小绝对无效合同的范围，在一般情况下，损害国家、集体、社会公共利益，违反公序良俗，扰乱社会秩序的合同为绝对无效合同。

The results of research shows after executing the new Labor Contract Law, not only makes sure the setting procedure of the Collective Contract and emphasizes the efficacy of the Collective Contract and relationship with Labor Contract Law, but also firstly provides regulation for the regional and industrial Collective Contract and exclusively Collective Contract in Law. The regulation asserts and completes the Collective Contract system, and be more important consorting with relationship between employers and employees.

研究显示，新的劳动合同法实施后，不仅明确了集体合同的订立程序，强调集体合同的效力及其与劳动合同的关系，还首次在法律层面将区域性、行业性集体合同以及专项集体合同予以提出和规定，这对於集体合同制度的确立和完善，对於集体合同在协调劳动关系方面作用的更好发挥意义重大。

In the Civil Law Family,the collateral guarantor'srights of defense mainly are related to the invalidity of the underlying contract,the revocability of the underlying contract,the right of offset,the concurrentconditions,"Einrede der Unsicherkei",the invalidity of the guarantee contract.the period of validity,the special terms of immunity from the guarantor's liabilityand beneficiam excussionis.Under the case law of the Common Law Family,thesituations in which the collateral guarantor can claim the rights of defense mainlyinclude the situation of non-fulfillment of the guarantee condition,the situationrelated to the extent of guarantor's liability,the situation under which the creditordidn't perform his obligations,the situation related to the appropriation ofpayments,the situations related to fulfillment of purpose of guarantee,thesituation related to the creditor's laches,the situation related to the loss ofsecurities held by the creditor,the situation related to the discharge of theprincipal debtor,the situation related to the creditor connivance in the default ofthe principal,the situation related to the discharge arising by operation of law andthe situation related to the fiduciary duty.

大陆法系中，从属保证人对债权人的抗辩权主要有：主债务无效抗辩权、主债务可撤销抗辩权、抵销抗辩权、同时履行抗辩权、不安抗辩权、保证合同无效抗辩权、保证期间抗辩权、特殊免责抗辩权以及先诉抗辩权等；根据英美法系国家的判例法，从属保证人能够主张抗辩权的情形主要有：保证责任条件不成就的抗辩、关于保证责任范围的抗辩、债权人不履行义务的抗辩、关于债务清偿分配的抗辩、保证目的已实现的抗辩、关于债权人懈怠的抗辩、关于债权人享有的担保权益丧失的抗辩、债务人的债务免除抗辩、债权人对债务人违约纵容的抗辩、法律适用导致保证责任解除的抗辩、就信托义务原则提出的抗辩。

Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.

现在在之上书面保证的条件是这样如果承包商将执行和适当地将观察前述合同的所有期限供应条件和规定在承包商的零件执行和被观察与真实的主旨意向符合和意思因此或如果在缺省由承包商保人将满足和将释放损失由雇主遭受因此由相当数量在之上书面保证决定然后这义务将是除消并作废的但否则将是和将依然是在充分的力量和作用但没有改变根据前述承包商或在工作被执行，被完成和瑕疵的程度或本质在工作由工程师的雇主补救在其下和没有任一件问题或事容限时间根据前述合同亦不任一忍耐或饶恕或尊敬关于雇主或前述工程师的部份的前述合同在任何情况下发行将保人从任一个责任在在之上书面保证之下。

Hanna: That's over now, isn't it?

都结束了，对吗

You must be ill. You look so pale.

你一定是病了，你的脸色苍白。