查询词典 constitutional monarchy

Different types and levels of development of the countries generally have taken a different political systems, but may also in some ways have the same or similar system; the same type and level of development of the countries generally have the same or similar political systems, but in some areas there may be very different:(1) according to state management form, namely the form of state power points, there is absolute monarchy system of slave society, the nobility republican, democratic republic; State has the absolute monarchy of feudalism, class representative of the monarchy, republican (little city-state has adopted); capitalist countries have constitutional monarchy and democratic republic two types of constitutional monarchy is divided into the dual monarchy such as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and a parliamentary monarchy like the United Kingdom, democratic republic is divided into parliamentary cabinet system, the presidential system and the committee system in three forms; of the socialist countries of the Soviet system of the former Soviet Union, former Yugoslavia, the delegation system, China and Cuba and other countries of the people's congress system and so on.

不同类型和发展程度的国家一般都采取不同的政治制度，但也可能在某方面有相同或相似的体制；同一类型和发展程度的国家一般都有相同或类似的政治制度，但在某些方面也可能有很大差异：（1）按国家管理形式即政权组织形式分，奴隶社会有君主专制制、贵族共和制、民主共和制；封建主义国家有绝对君主制、等级代表君主制、共和制；资本主义国家有君主立宪制和民主共和制两大类型，君主立宪制又分为二元君主制如约旦哈希姆王国和议会制君主制如英国，民主共和制又分为议会内阁制、总统制和委员会制三种形式；社会主义国家有原苏联的苏维埃制，原南斯拉夫的代表团制，中国和古巴等国的人民代表大会制等。

Comparing withHayek's theory on society method, I believe constitution litigationmechanism must considering the following conclusion in modelingconstitutional method: first, the acquiring of constitutional method isusually effects system vicissitudes. Although constitutional arbitramentcan form definite constitutional method, it can't achieve perduringsubstantial results level of method; secondly, constitutional method isformed virtually by the mixture of two kind of potence, and one is socialpotence, the other is governmental potence. The constitutional method'srationality in logic structure rests directly with the wrestling process ofconstitutional logic and social process. Constitutional method is more akind of simulative conformation of natural logic and social logic, itforms by the wrestling of government, public, legislature andconstitution judging organ. Fourthly, the maintenance of constitutionalmethod depends on the inner power sustained by faith and exteriorpower coming from the background of compulsion. Fifthly,constitutional method itself is a dynamic structure, and it's realizingquomodo and vindicating means is being in vicissitude, however, it canonly provide condition and inspiritment.

对照哈耶克的社会秩序理论，笔者认为，宪法诉讼机制在型构宪政秩序时必然要照顾到以下结论：其一，宪政秩序的取得，往往是一个制度自然变迁的结果，宪法裁决虽然也可能在短期内形成一定的宪法秩序，不过却无法强行地达到一个较大范围内持久的秩序实效水准；其二，宪政秩序实际上是由两种力量交合而成的，一是社会力量，一是政府力量，宪政秩序的逻辑结构的合理性直接取决于宪法逻辑和社会逻辑之间的博弈过程；其三，宪政秩序更多的是一种对自然逻辑和社会逻辑的模拟形态，是经由政府、公众、立法机关与宪法裁判机构的合作博弈而形成的，宪法诉讼的功用至多在于提供博弈规则，以实现纳什均衡；其四，宪政秩序的维护主要依靠来自信念支持的内部力量与来自强制背景的外部力量；其五，宪政秩序本身是一个动态的、常新的结构，其实现方式与维护手段也处于不断变迁之中，但无论如何，宪法诉讼机制所能提供的只是制约与激励两种。

This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the currentsituation of research, process of his thoughts and his determination to put it to practice.Thought this part, we can understand the background of his constitutional philosophy;In the second part, We recognize his ideological foundation, describe the awarenessand understanding of his culture about East and West, research his background of thecultures about East and West; In the third part, the writer discuss the history ofevolution about Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, describe the process, that isfrom Eucken's philosophy to kant's philosophy. In this process, we understand therole and significance of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy in building ademocratic constitutional government; Part IV , in which the writer describes thecharacteristics of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, is important; In the end, thewriter thinks that Zhang Junmai political appeal hadn't achieved at the ideal result thathe expected, but, there were some reasonable factors contained in his thoughts, thatwhat we shouldn't be abandoned but be utilized and developed when constructing themodern nation.

本文主要分为五个部分，在绪论中主要叙述了张君劢宪政哲学思想之研究现状以及张君劢宪政思想历程，把张君劢的宪政活动和思想认识做出了初步的概括，使我们能更加清楚的理解他的宪政哲学思想背景；第二部分主要是对其宪政哲学思想形成之基础进行归纳与总结，叙述张君劢对中西文化的认识和理解，研究其宪政哲学思想之中西文化的理论背景；第三部分则是对张君劢宪政思想之哲学演变的探讨，叙述了其宪政哲学思想从倭伊铿哲学转向康德哲学的演变过程，从其思想演变过程来理解张君劢宪政哲学在中国民主宪政建设中的作用和意义；第四部分主要是从张君劢各种宪法草案以及宪政活动中概括其宪政哲学思想之特征，从而得出其民族意识、德法合一与精神自由的宪政哲学核心内涵，并且在时代的背景下对其社会主义思想与马克思主义社会主义观进行了比较研究；第五部分则是对张君劢宪政哲学思想的一种再认识，指出了其宪政哲学思想在当代仍饱含着建设性的意义，并且赞同其复兴儒家文化的主张，认为这一主张在当代社会发展中仍有十分巨大的现实意义，在这些认识基础上，笔者认识到我们仍要保持一种批判与继承的态度去看待张君劢宪政哲学思想。

Thirdly, The resisting monarchy of aristocracies was an important factor in the making of limited monarchy of England; The relationship of the primitive contract which was connected with mutual rights and obligations between monarchy and aristocracies was the foundation of the limited monarchy of England.

第三，贵族对王权的抵抗是英国有限王权形成的重要因素；以相互间的权利与义务将王权与贵族联系起来的原始契约关系，是英国有限王权的政治基础；《大宪章》是贵族抵抗王权的纲领性文件。

At this time the form of the English government was a transitional monarchy from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy.

1(P263)在这里他指出了宗教改革对都铎王朝君主制的影响。其实影响远不止于此。

The Shah Dynasty found then lasted until now. Nepal was invaded by Britain in 1814 and forced to cede a vast expanse of territory to India which was controled by Britain at that time. Its diplomacy was supervised by Britain as well. During the period from 1846 to 1950 Nepal was controled by Rana Family . The fight aganist it intrigued by Nepali Congress brought the dormination of Rana Family to an end, and constitutional monarchy was put into practice. In February of 1959 ,Mahemdra Bir Bikram Shah Dev issued the first constitution of Nepal, the New Constitution was issued in 1962. Birendra , Bir Bikram Shah Dev ascended throne in1972, he dismissed the National Panchayat in the April 16, 1990,and he also issued the third constitution in Nov ember of the same year. Then the multi-party of constitutional monarchy was set up.

建立了沙阿王朝，延续至今。1814年英国入侵，尼泊尔被迫割让大片领土给英属印度，外交受英监督。1846年―1950年为拉纳家族统治时期。1950年11月，尼泊尔大会党等发起反拉纳的斗争，结束了拉纳的统治，并实行君主立宪制。1959年2月马亨德拉颁布尼泊尔第一部宪法。1962年颁布新宪法。1972年比兰德拉国王即位。1990年4月16日，比兰德拉国王解散全国评议会，同年11月颁布第三部宪法，实行君主立宪的多党制。

Bourgeois constitutionalists advocated implementing parliamentary constitutional monarchy, while Qing government implemented dual constitutional monarchy.

资产阶级立宪派主张实施议会制君主立宪制，而清政府却选择实行二元制君主立宪制。

Is divided into the dual constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

分为二元君主立宪制和议会制君主立宪制。

Therefore,undoubtedly,investing the origin of monarchy,the legitimacy,reasonableness and ethicalness of monarchy,and the relationship among monarchy,law and morality possess important theoretical value and profound historical and present significance for deepening the cognition and understanding about the society and legal culture of ancient China.

因此，考察君权的起源、君权的合法性与合理合道德性以及君权与法律和道德三者之间的关系、对于加深对中国古代社会和法律文化的认识与理解无疑具有重要的理论与现实意义。

Firstly, After casting back to the origin of monarchy of England, the author maintains that the social political tradition which monarchy of England gave birth to is the historical foundation of the formation of limited monarchy of England.

首先，通过追溯英国王权的起源，揭示了王权产生的社会政治传统是英国有限王权形成的历史基础。

Objective To study the effect of chitosan in the prevention of fibrous scar formation in the epidural space after laminectomy.

目的 观察选择性脊神经后根切除术椎板切除后硬膜外几种防瘢痕粘连物质的作用并探讨其机制。

On his way to the lift, he looked back to us or was it me his eyes pointing?

当他要进电梯时，他回头看我们（或者说是我，他的眼光？