查询词典 constitutional

This was what might be described as an extra-constitutional crisis; and, as the Church has a right in such circumstances to remove reasonable doubt and provide a pope whose claims would be indisputable, even an acephalous council, supported by the body of bishops throughout the world, was competent to meet this altogether exceptional emergency without thereby setting up a precedent that could be erected into a regular constitutional rule, as the Gallicans wrongly imagined.

这是什么可能会被形容为一课外宪制危机，以及作为教会的权利，在这种情况下，以消除合理怀疑，并提供一个教宗的债权将不争的，即使是一acephalous会，支持该机构在整个主教世界上有能力，以应付这完全没有特殊的紧急情况，从而建立了一个先例，可以竖立成为一个经常性的宪法规则，作为gallicans错误可想而知。

Through the analysis of specific historical facts, we can obviously find that the incident in 1327 is just a traditional coup d'etat rather than "constitutional revolution" in the modern sense. The impeachment case in 1376 was sprung from conflicts among the noble groups. The impeachment procedure was not standardized, and the outcome lack of effective protection and the constitutional impact was very limited. The incident in 1399 was just Henry Bolingbroke usurp the throne by force, taking advantage of Richard II deserted circumstance, which had nothing to do with the pursuit democratic constitution or against the autocratic rule. It is still a dynasty change in the traditional sense, rather than the so-called "Lancaster Constitutional Revolution".

当然，通过具体史实的分析，我们不难发现，1327年事件只是一场传统意义上的宫廷政变，而不是近代意义上的"宪政革命"。1376年的弹劾案源于贵族之间的派别矛盾，弹劾程序并不规范，弹劾成果缺乏保障，弹劾的宪政影响也相当有限。1399年事件则是亨利·博林布罗克利用理查德二世众叛亲离之机，实行武力篡位的结果，与反对专制统治追求民主宪政无关；这仍然属于传统意义上的改朝换代，并非所谓的"兰开斯特宪政革命"。

Constitutional lawsuit system is a product developed during the process of constitutionalist concept and institutional construction. It has played an irreplaceable role in the whole of constitutional supervision system since its emergence.

宪法诉讼制度是近代宪政理念及其制度建构发展到一定阶段的产物，并且宪法诉讼自其产生以来就在整个宪法监督体系中发挥了不可取代的作用。

This article holds that it is the key to the question how can the Constitution keep authentic and efficacious to install a kind of judicial control of constitutionality, otherwise we will be unable to overcome shortcomings of the constitutional law without the constitutionalist spirit. Therefore, the next step of legal reform in China today should be the official recognition of constitutional litigation.

本文认为，切实保障宪法效力的关键是建立司法性质的合宪审查制度，否则"有宪法、无宪政"的时弊就不可能得到匡正，因此，应该以最高人民法院2001年第25号司法解释允许援引宪法处理诉讼案件的划时代转折为契机，正式承认宪法诉讼。

The current constitution of our country regulates a series of basic principles and systems to ensure the constitutional implement which are the constitutional supervision system and the constitutional interpretability system .

我国现行宪法在规定一系列保障宪法实施的基本原则的同时，还规定了保障宪法实施的基本制度，这就是宪法监督制度和宪法解释制度。

Comparing withHayek's theory on society method, I believe constitution litigationmechanism must considering the following conclusion in modelingconstitutional method: first, the acquiring of constitutional method isusually effects system vicissitudes. Although constitutional arbitramentcan form definite constitutional method, it can't achieve perduringsubstantial results level of method; secondly, constitutional method isformed virtually by the mixture of two kind of potence, and one is socialpotence, the other is governmental potence. The constitutional method'srationality in logic structure rests directly with the wrestling process ofconstitutional logic and social process. Constitutional method is more akind of simulative conformation of natural logic and social logic, itforms by the wrestling of government, public, legislature andconstitution judging organ. Fourthly, the maintenance of constitutionalmethod depends on the inner power sustained by faith and exteriorpower coming from the background of compulsion. Fifthly,constitutional method itself is a dynamic structure, and it's realizingquomodo and vindicating means is being in vicissitude, however, it canonly provide condition and inspiritment.

对照哈耶克的社会秩序理论，笔者认为，宪法诉讼机制在型构宪政秩序时必然要照顾到以下结论：其一，宪政秩序的取得，往往是一个制度自然变迁的结果，宪法裁决虽然也可能在短期内形成一定的宪法秩序，不过却无法强行地达到一个较大范围内持久的秩序实效水准；其二，宪政秩序实际上是由两种力量交合而成的，一是社会力量，一是政府力量，宪政秩序的逻辑结构的合理性直接取决于宪法逻辑和社会逻辑之间的博弈过程；其三，宪政秩序更多的是一种对自然逻辑和社会逻辑的模拟形态，是经由政府、公众、立法机关与宪法裁判机构的合作博弈而形成的，宪法诉讼的功用至多在于提供博弈规则，以实现纳什均衡；其四，宪政秩序的维护主要依靠来自信念支持的内部力量与来自强制背景的外部力量；其五，宪政秩序本身是一个动态的、常新的结构，其实现方式与维护手段也处于不断变迁之中，但无论如何，宪法诉讼机制所能提供的只是制约与激励两种。

PartⅥdraws some conclusions of applying path dependence theory on studying legal changing history of American constitutional protection of private properties, recalls legal changing history of constitutional protection of private properties in our country, analyzes and approves present value of the Property Law of PRC, permutes the value of applying path dependence theory on studying legal changing history of constitutional protection of private properties in our country, and points out future research direction of this subject.

第六章&美国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁与路径依赖研究的启示&对本文研究内容进行了总结和升华，对路径依赖理论应用于美国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁研究得出了几点结论，回顾了我国宪法对私有财产权保护的历程，分析和评价了现时期颁布实施物权法的现实意义，提出了应用路径依赖理论研究我国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁的价值，并指出了论文今后进一步研究的方向。

This means that the study of the concept should come back to constitutional text and systemized constitutional jurisprudence can be called constitutional commentaries.

这意味着对宪法概念的研究必须回到宪法文本，体系化的宪法学可称为宪法释义学。

The understanding of Roman classical republicanism is the key way to master American constitutional republicanism.The Neo-Roman theory and American constitutional republicanism are both crucially connected with Roman classical republicanism.As an analysis tool,the Neo-Roman theory is helpful to understand the content of American constitutional republicanism-its origin and its connotation.

新罗马理论认为存在于遥远罗马共和国的古典共和主义和存在于现代美国宪法中的共和主义具有明显的&家族相似性&，而共和主义传统之所以能够跨越不同的时期保持统一，部分的原因在于它们遵循着相同的经典文本，部分的原因在于它们对罗马共和的理想和教训有着共同的热情。

This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the currentsituation of research, process of his thoughts and his determination to put it to practice.Thought this part, we can understand the background of his constitutional philosophy;In the second part, We recognize his ideological foundation, describe the awarenessand understanding of his culture about East and West, research his background of thecultures about East and West; In the third part, the writer discuss the history ofevolution about Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, describe the process, that isfrom Eucken's philosophy to kant's philosophy. In this process, we understand therole and significance of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy in building ademocratic constitutional government; Part IV , in which the writer describes thecharacteristics of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, is important; In the end, thewriter thinks that Zhang Junmai political appeal hadn't achieved at the ideal result thathe expected, but, there were some reasonable factors contained in his thoughts, thatwhat we shouldn't be abandoned but be utilized and developed when constructing themodern nation.

本文主要分为五个部分，在绪论中主要叙述了张君劢宪政哲学思想之研究现状以及张君劢宪政思想历程，把张君劢的宪政活动和思想认识做出了初步的概括，使我们能更加清楚的理解他的宪政哲学思想背景；第二部分主要是对其宪政哲学思想形成之基础进行归纳与总结，叙述张君劢对中西文化的认识和理解，研究其宪政哲学思想之中西文化的理论背景；第三部分则是对张君劢宪政思想之哲学演变的探讨，叙述了其宪政哲学思想从倭伊铿哲学转向康德哲学的演变过程，从其思想演变过程来理解张君劢宪政哲学在中国民主宪政建设中的作用和意义；第四部分主要是从张君劢各种宪法草案以及宪政活动中概括其宪政哲学思想之特征，从而得出其民族意识、德法合一与精神自由的宪政哲学核心内涵，并且在时代的背景下对其社会主义思想与马克思主义社会主义观进行了比较研究；第五部分则是对张君劢宪政哲学思想的一种再认识，指出了其宪政哲学思想在当代仍饱含着建设性的意义，并且赞同其复兴儒家文化的主张，认为这一主张在当代社会发展中仍有十分巨大的现实意义，在这些认识基础上，笔者认识到我们仍要保持一种批判与继承的态度去看待张君劢宪政哲学思想。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。