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In order to study the nonuniform temperature rise and thermal effect in the Yb:YAG crystal,based on the theory of semi-analytical thermal analysis and working characteristic analysis of Yb:YAG microchip with super-Gaussian beam end-pumping and back-face cooling,a new solution of heat conduction equation was introduced and the general expressions of temperature field,thermal distortion field and additional optical path differences of Yb:YAG microchip were obtained respectively.

为了研究抽运光在Yb：YAG晶体内产生的非均匀性温升以及引起的热效应问题，以半解析热分析理论为基础，结合超高斯光束端面抽运、背向冷却Yb：YAG微片工作特点分析，采用热传导方程一种新的求解方法，得出了Yb：YAG微片内部温度场、热形变场、附加光程差的半解析计算表达式。

The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when 210 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air.

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值2~(10)倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q—YAG激光器(波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns)，靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随着波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

Based on thermal conduction theory, a thermal model is built up to get the effective thermal content and the effective thermal conductivity to be 1.0×10^(-3) W/K and 8.1 μJ/K, respectively, and the temperature-fluctuation noise is nearly 1.73×10^(-10)W/Hz(superscript 1/2). According to the device operating principle and energy equipartition theory of thermodynamics, the mechanical-thermal noise is 9.96×10^(-9) W/Hz(superscript 1/2), and the background noise is nearly 3.22×10^(-11)W/Hz(superscript 1/2), so that the normalized detectivity is deduced to be 9.03×10^6 cmHz(superscript 1/2)/W.

从理论上建立了器件的基本热模型，推导得到器件的等效热熔和等效热导分别为8.1μJ/K和1.0×10^(-3)W/K，温度噪声约为1.73×10^(-10)W/Hz(上标 1/2)；通过器件的工作机理和能量均分原理，推导得到热机械噪声的等效噪声功率约为9.96×10^(-9)W/Hz(上标 1/2)，器件的背景噪声约为3.22×10^(-11)W/Hz(上标 1/2)，从而得出器件的归一化探测率约为9.03×106cm。

A new non-linear heat conduction equation based on equivalent time is advanced and applied to solve the temperature field and stress field of Longtan RCC dam.

用化学反应速率描述温度对混凝土绝热温升的影响，求解基于等效时间的非线性热传导方程，对龙滩水电站碾压混凝土坝的温度场和徐变应力场进行了仿真计算。

The hemispheres of the brain display clear functional differences. Language and speech, brief duration stimuli, and detailed information are processed in the left hemisphere in most individuals. The right hemisphere appears to process information in a more holistic fashion, preferring spatial and tonal information. Lesions to Wernicke's area in the dominant hemisphere result in a receptive language deficit with relatively intact speech fluency, whereas damage to Broca's area results in loss of speech fluency. Damage to the arcuate fasciculus connecting these two regions will result in conduction aphasia, and damage to all of these regions will produce global deficit .

大脑的两个半球显示清楚的功能上差异，在多数个体中的左半球负责著语言以及言谈简短期间的刺激及细节般的资料处理，右半球则明显地在一种较多全体论的潮流去处理资讯，较优於空间及音乐的资讯，在显性半球魏尼凯区域的损害导致於语言接收的不足，随著相对完整的流利言谈，虽然布洛卡区域的损害会引发言谈流利的丧失，有关於这两个区域对弓状的肌束的损害将导致失语症，同时对这区域的所有损害也将产生球体的不足。

The monotonous demonstration of scalps with electrodes attached to them, in order to demonstrate the contained conduction of electrical charges, is a scientific fatuity, in so far as it is intended to demonstrate comprehensively the capability of conveying charges to the brain, or for that matter, to any nerve in the body, as a form of invisible torture.

单调示范scalps电极重视他们，以显示包含传导的电气费，是一个科学的昏庸，在目前为止，因为这是为了表现出全面的能力，输送费到脑部，或就此，对任何神经在体内，作为一种无形的折磨。

This paper studies the concept and key facts of the enterprises' autonomous technological innovation, then it constructs a model of the key factors' conduction mechanism according to the logic of the SCP structure, finally it analyses the innovation path of china's enterprises and suggests that under the resources constraint, the feasible solution of china's enterprises is congregating resources to capture the subdivide market, then taking this as the chance, realizing the transformation from partial breakthroughs to overall rising by technology accumulation.

本文在现有研究的基础上，研究了自主技术创新的概念及其关键因素，然后按照战略－行为－绩效的逻辑关系，构造了关键因素间的传导机制模型，对我国企业自主创新的路径进行分析，认为在资源约束下，我国企业的可行途径应是通过资源集聚，占领细分市场，保证技术和市场的良性互动，然后以此为契机，通过技术积累实现由局部突破向全面崛起转化。

Secondly, the gun barrel temperature field is solved by two-dimensional and one-dimensional heat conduction model with finite element method and finite difference scheme respectively.

其次通过对身管二维轴对称传热模型和一维径向传热模型的数值计算，研究了身管固壁的传热问题。二维轴对称传热计算采用了有限单元法，一维径向传热计算采用了有限差分法。

Then import the file to the finite element heat dynamic analysis software that we developed, simulation to heat dynamic behavior and analysis the deformation of thermal conduction.

然后将档案输入我们开发的有限元素热动态分析软体，进行热传递之温度动态模拟与变形分析。

The other solves the non-steady heat conduction equation by finite difference method.

发展了两个太阳能固体吸收式制冰机的动态模拟程序，差别在于对反应器内的传热过程采用了不同的计算方法，其一采用反应前锋假设，其二采用有限差分方法求解非稳态的热传导方程。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。