查询词典 columbian exchange

Based on those analyses and conformed international and national economic condition in china and some intrinsic defects of target zone regime, author transform target zone exchange rate regime by dividing two layers and bring forward a new exchange rate regime: double-layer-monitor exchange rate regime, the new model have possessed two merits, one is that the new model make "hollymoon effect" of target zone recurrence,and the merit can alleviate the fluctuation of exchange market;another merit is that the new model is a self-regulation system, that is say, the model can avoid long-term misalignment of exchange rate, those merit have major significance for china economy sustainable development and Chinese financial system more perfection, in paper we also present some fiscal policy and money policy served as a foil to double-layer-monitor exchange rate regime in order to make it work well, at last, we conclude that the new model will be the prior selection of RMB exchange rate regime reform for a long time form now on, and it also can serve as the bridge of RMB exchange rate regime steering to one of bipolar—free float.

在这些分析的基础上，并考虑到当前中国所面临的国际国内经济环境，针对汇率目标区的一些固有缺陷，笔者又对汇率目标区模型进行了分层改造，提出了一个新的汇率机制模型：汇率目标区双层监控模型，该模型有两个主要优势，一是可以使&蜜月效应&得以重现，从而避免外汇市场的过度波动；二是该模型是一个自稳定系统，能够进行自我调整，使实际汇率同长期均衡汇率保持一致，从而避免实际汇率的长期错位。这些优点对于我国经济的可持续发展，对于我国金融的更加完善，有着十分重要的意义。为使汇率目标区双层监控模型良好运行，论文还就相应配套的财政政策、货币政策措施作了探讨。最后得出结论，按照汇率制度&并存继起&假说，今后很长一段时间内，汇率目标区双层监控模型都将是人民币汇率制度的合意选择，另外，它也可作为人民币汇率制度向独立浮动制过渡的桥梁。

For a long-term stable Exchange Rate of RMB, the Commercial Banks are not only lack of a full understanding of Exchange Rate risk but are also lack of the essential experiences and skills to manage the Exchange Rate risk. Exchange Rate System reform makes domestic Commercial Banks face a great challenge of Exchange Rate risk. Adapting RMB Exchange Rate reform and managing Exchange Rate risk are the subjects that the domestic commercial banks must face.

长期稳定的人民币汇率使商业银行对汇率风险既缺少足够的了解和重视，也缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能，汇率制度改革使我国商业银行开始真正面临汇率风险的考验，尽快适应人民币汇率制度改革，应对汇率风险是我国商业银行面临的重要课题。

As the inter-bank foreign exchange trading is a large trading post on the exchange rate the characteristics of the general foreign exchange transactions between banks and the foreign exchange market as a foreign exchange wholesale market, and the banking and foreign exchange transactions between the general, a market that Exchange for the retail market.

由于银行间的外汇交易是一个大型贸易公司后对汇率的特点，一般外汇之间的交易，银行和外汇市场作为外汇批发市场，以及银行业和外汇之间的交易一般，市场作为交换条件的零售市场。

This thesis, titled "under the Exchange rate marketization of RMB a probe into exchange rate risk management from the enterprises' standpoint ", on the basis of some basic concepts and theory about exchange rate risk , mainly discusses the significance and exigency of study exchange rate risk management in corporation of china , and raises some proposals in such aspects as removing obstacles, optimizing exchange rate risk management system and establishing the mechanism of previous tergiversation exchange rate risk. In addition, the thesis analyzes the risks that will be encountered in the development of exchange rate marketization of RMB and offers solutions to these risks.

本文选择《人民币汇率市场化下的企业汇率风险管理研究》为题，在介绍汇率风险的基本知识和相关概念、企业对汇率风险管理基本理念的基础上，结合我国实际，分析了我国涉外企业在目前人民币汇率机制改革、人民币汇率逐步市场化的前提背景下汇率风险管理的必要性和紧迫性，提出逐步完善企业汇率风险管理系统，建立企业内部风险预警机制运行模式的建议、并对人民币汇率市场化下企业所面临的汇率风险进行了分析，提出了相应的对策。

After the publication of this Announcement, the measures for the administering the floating range of trading price of the US Dollar against the RMB in the inter-bank spot foreign exchange market and the spread of US Dollar exchange rate quotation of the banks to their clients will not be changed, and the Circular concerning Further Improving the Administration of Trading Exchange Rates in the Inter-bank Foreign Exchange Market and the Exchange Rate Quotations of Foreign Exchange Designated Banks (Yin Fa [2005] No. 250) as promulgated by the People's Bank of China on 23 September, 2005 is still applicable thereto.

本公告公布后，银行间即期外汇市场人民币兑非美元货币交易价的浮动幅度和银行对客户美元挂牌汇价价差幅度管理办法不变，仍按2005年9月23日中国人民银行发布的《中国人民银行关于进一步改善银行间外汇市场交易汇价和外汇指定银行挂牌汇价管理的通知》（银发〔2005〕250 号）规定执行。

Article 46 Domestic organizations that open foreign exchange bank accounts at home or abroad without authorization and in violation of stipulations on the management of foreign exchange bank accounts; lend, collusively use or transfer their foreign exchange bank accounts; or change without authorization the scope of use of their foreign exchange bank accounts shall be ordered by foreign exchange administrations to make corrections, have their foreign exchange bank accounts revoked, criticized, and fined between RMB 50,000 yuan and RMB 300,000 yuan.

第四十六条境内机构违反外汇帐户管理规定，擅自在境内、境外开立外汇帐户的，出借、串用、转让外汇帐户的，或者擅自改变外汇帐户使用范围的，由外汇管理机关责令改正，撤销外汇帐户，通报批评，并处5万元以上30万元以下的罚款。

From the point of administration, based on the current exchange rate management system, this paper mainly involves a series of research methods, such as literature analysis, comparative analysis, positive analysis, and systematic analysis and so on. Firstly, it reviews and combines the revelant theories of exchange rate. Secondly, it analyzes the problems existing in our current exchange rate management system in the region of government's system design on exchange rate management system. Finally, according to the major environment of the reform of economic system and politic system and the actual situation that current exchange rate of RMB faces, it put forwards the route and scheme of the reform of our government's exchange rate management system.

文章从行政管理的视角出发，立足我国现行汇率管理体制，主要通过运用文献分析、比较分析、实证分析、系统分析等研究方法，首先对汇率管理的相关理论进行梳理、回顾，其次从政府汇率管理体制的制度设计层面剖析了我国现行汇率管理体制中存在的问题，总结了改革的必要性和必然性，最后针对我国经济体制和行政体制改革的大环境和现阶段人民币汇率问题所面临的现实情况，提出了我国政府汇率管理体制改革的路径和方案。

So called "likely is" is for under the seriously restricted condition of simple labor and commodity exchange in the early days, both sides know about the approximate labor amount needed for producing the article for exchanging, so it is relatively easy to realize the equate labor exchange; So called "likely not" is for in the process of developed and complicated commodity exchange, it is very difficult for the dealers to compute the labor amount that includes in the article of other side, so the principle of equate labor exchange actually does not inheres the meaning that prevalently use, the comparing interests principle can be the principle that prevalently use, but the equate labor exchange principle just is a kind of special example of comparing interests principle.

所谓&似是&是因为在初期简单劳动及其商品交换的严格限制条件下，双方都知道要生产所交换的商品需要的大致劳动量，等量劳动交换的实现比较容易；所谓&而非&，则是因为在发达复杂的商品交换中，交换者很难统一计量出对方商品所包含的劳动量，等量劳动交换原则事实上就不具有普遍适用的意义。商品交换的比较利益原则才是普遍适用的原则，等量劳动交换原则只是比较利益原则的一种特例。

As to domestic sector, the author discuss the influences of different exchange rate regime on growth, inflation, economic stability and financial deepening, and agues that:(1) the relatively fixed exhange rate regimes are more pro-growth for emerging economies;(2) the relatively fixed exchange rate regimes can be useful for control of inflation in developing countries, but it can also be replaced by other monetary rules like inflaiton-targeting;(3) fixed exchange rate regime woulde better to deal with nominal shocks when floating exchange rate regime better to deal with real shocks, but both of them can not entirely insulate the external shocks;(4) the improvement of financial deepening is faster under relative fixed exchange rate regimes.

从国内经济部门看，不同汇率制度对经济增长、通货膨胀、经济稳定、金融深化等关键变量具有不同影响：（1）对于新兴市场国家来说，相对固定的汇率制度更有利于促进经济增长；（2）相对固定的汇率制度有利于抑制通货膨胀，但也可以由其他货币规则替代；（3）固定汇率更适合应对名义经济冲击，浮动汇率更适合应对实际经济冲击，二者都不能隔离外部冲击；（4）在相对固定的汇率制度下，金融深化发展更快。

This paper includes several parts: first, some important concepts of the thesis have been defined, a theoretical overview of currency crisis has been finished; then, we have described the history of the international monetary system; later, three chapes have been arranged to discuss the mechanism of currency crisis under fixed and floating and intermediate exchange rate system respectively. The part of the fixed exchange rate system mainly includes the analysis of the collapse of the international gold standard system, the Bretton Woods system and the the European Monetary System; in the part of the floating exchange rate system, the volatility problem under freely floating exchange rate system has been studied; the part of the intermediate exchange rate system mainly includes the analysis of currency crises in regional dollar standard system and the currency board system. And finally, we have analysed the inevitability of the appearance of new type regional monetary cooperation patterns, and how these cooperations avoid currency crises.

本文主要包括这样几部分：首先，对论文中涉及到的重要概念给予界定，并对货币危机理论进行系统梳理；接着，按时间顺序从总体上回忆国际货币制度的历史演进；然后，用三个章节分别研究了固定汇率制度、浮动汇率制度以及中间汇率制度下货币危机的形成机理，其中，固定汇率制度下的货币危机主要包括国际金本位制度和布雷顿森林体系的崩溃，以及欧洲货币体系的瓦解；浮动汇率制度下的货币危机，则重点分析了自由浮动汇率制度下汇率的过度波动问题；中间汇率制度下的货币危机，分别分析了区域美元本位及货币局制度下货币危机的发生机理；最后，分析了目前新型区域货币合作模式出现的必然性，及各模式下如何规避货币危机。

Dixie itself is a nickname for the American South.

Dixie 本身是美国南部的别称。

I think John Terry epitomises that and a big reaction is what we will be looking for.

而我认为特里就是这样一个典型，他正是我们期望看到的那个领秀。