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The evolution of development economics is closely related to the development of economic globalization , particularly at the third phase(in 1940's) of economic globalization , during which development economics in modern sense sprang up. Its main research is about how the poverty - stricken agricultural countries or developing countries achieve industrialization. From its appearance to before 1980's, development economics consists of two forming phases of structuralism and neo - classicism. Since 1980's , in the tide of new economic globalization ,development economics has new tendency and is faced with predicaments.

发展经济学的产生与发展和经济全球化的发展有密切的关系，特别是在经济全球化进入第三阶段，即20 世纪40 年代，现代意义上的发展经济学兴起，其主要是研究贫困落后的农业国家或发展中国家如何实现工业化的问题，发展经济学从兴起到80 年代以前，可分为结构主义和新古典主义两个发展阶段。80 年代以来，在新的经济全球化的浪潮中，发展经济学既出现了新的发展趋势，也面临着困境。

We'll monitor things closely and keep that as a last resort.

我们会密切留意变化，那将是我们的最后一招了。

The results showed that the increase in endogenous ABA contents were closely related to starting and development of embryogenic cell.

结果显示，内源ABA含量的升高与胚性细胞的启动和发育密切相关，外源ABA对体细胞胚的发生也有促进作用。

Whereas, in unactivated mouse spleen T lymthocytes, no binding could be found. Actin was closely associated to BAF complex and RNA Polymerase Ⅱ, but not so closely to NF1/CTF.

肌动蛋白与BAF复合物和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的联系紧密，与转录因子NF1／CTF的联系不太密切。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

Normal Open Type A unique application of the direct-acting valve structure, when power to the electromagnetic coil when the head is located in the coil around the core component may generate a static magnetic, gravity and Balance valves magnetic components to overcome the stem return spring will be moving core, together with the elastic Stem components suck up with effect, so that even in the solid components of the valve stem disc closely aligns closely with the valve seat and seal, the valve closed; power, the valve plate in the return spring and the stem components of gravity under restoration in situ, the valve opening, pipeline back to normal ventilation.

常开型 阀门应用独特的直动式结构，当给电磁头的线圈通电时，位于线圈周围的静铁芯组件便产生磁性，磁力克服阀杆组件重力和回位弹簧弹力后将动铁芯连同阀杆组件向上吸起，从而使固连在阀杆组件上的阀盘与阀座紧密贴紧而密封，阀门关闭；断电后，阀盘在回位弹簧及阀杆组件重力作用下恢复原位，阀门开启，管道恢复正常通气。&Gas solenoid valve works &是由中国电磁阀网提供的国际阀门新闻，译文仅供参考。另外，中国电磁阀网还提供相关产品搜索：电磁阀型号、电磁阀价格、电磁阀技术、电磁阀新闻、电磁阀生产商等。

Normal Open Type A unique application of the direct-acting valve structure, when power to the electromagnetic coil when the head is located in the coil around the core component may generate a static magnetic, gravity and magnetic components to overcome the stem return spring Needle Valves will be moving core, together with the elastic Stem components suck up with effect, so that even in the solid components of the valve stem disc closely aligns closely with the valve seat and seal, the valve closed; power, the valve plate in the return spring and the stem components of gravity under restoration in situ, the valve opening, pipeline back to normal ventilation.

常开型 阀门应用独特的直动式结构，当给电磁头的线圈通电时，位于线圈周围的静铁芯组件便产生磁性，磁力克服阀杆组件重力和回位弹簧弹力后将动铁芯连同阀杆组件向上吸起，从而使固连在阀杆组件上的阀盘与阀座紧密贴紧而密封，阀门关闭；断电后，阀盘在回位弹簧及阀杆组件重力作用下恢复原位，阀门开启，管道恢复正常通气。& gas solenoid valve works&是由中国电磁阀网提供的国际阀门新闻，译文仅供参考。另外，中国电磁阀网还提供相关产品搜索：电磁阀型号、电磁阀价格、电磁阀技术、电磁阀新闻、电磁阀生产商等。

"Right now, if you look at how water policy has played out over the past 10 or 15 years, these private companies working closely with the World Bank, working closely even with some parts of the U.N., have really dictated the agenda," Hayes said. And the result has been privatization fiascos in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa as well as the growing trend toward commoditization of water, where there is a huge explosive growth in the bottled water market.

现在，如果你看看过去10到15年水资源政策如何演变，你就会发现那些私营公司同世界银行、甚至同联合国的某些机构密切合作，已经切实制定出规划，结果在拉丁美洲、东南亚和非洲，水资源私有化以及日益增长的水资源商品化的尝试全面失败。

It is composed of above two mircoprisms dislocated and closely arranged, each microprism has three all-reflecting surfaces, N microprisms change the light beam into N vertical closely-arranged light beam groups, the distance between the light beam groups can be controlled by the difference of optical distance of the light beam between the first and second reflecting surfaces of the two adjacent microprisms and after shaped, the light beam does not change the advancing direction.

本整形器是由两片以上棱镜错位紧密排列构成，每片微棱镜有三个全反射面，N片棱镜使得光束变成N个垂直紧密排列的光束组，光束间的距离可由相邻两棱镜的第一反射面和第二反射面间光束光程差控制，并且整形后光束不改变前进方向。

Taking the relationship of science and art as a starting point, it analyzes the relation between photographing and painting , the artists closely related to photograhing and painting , the artists closely related to photograhing in history and discusses the historical relationship between photographing and painting by taking the experience of specific artists as examples; then by analyzing the reason why artists use photographs , it shows the functions of photographs in creation ; after thens , by doing case study of Chinese artists and their different ways of using photographs, it analyzes different forms through which photographs are exressed.

首先以哲学、科学与艺术的关系为切入点，深入探讨了照片运用于绘画的现象，以及历史上与摄影联系最密切的画家，并且以具体画家为例子来论述了摄影与绘画的历史姻缘；然后通过分析艺术家运用照片的原因，阐明了照片在绘画创作中的具体功能和作用；接着以中国艺术家的具体个案与他们使用照片的不同方式相结合的方法，阐明了照片运用于绘画创作中的不同表现形式。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。