查询词典 climate changes

Based on prediction of recent 100 years' climatic changes with climate models, the impacts of future climatic changes on climate and environment are analyzed.

在采用气候模式对未来近百年的气候变化做出一定预测的基础上，分析未来可能出现的气候变化所造成的对气候环境方面的影响。

According to the climate data observed by 19 weather stations in Hexi corridor from 1960 to 2005, the annual and seasonal agricultural climate resources, including light, heat and water and so on, are diagnostically analyzed by using the method of climate changing tendency, and the abrupt changes of critically agricultural resources factors are analyzed by approach of Mann-Kendall.

以1960~2005年河西走廊地区19个气象站46年的气候资料为基础，运用气候变化倾向率方法对该地区年及春、夏、秋、冬四季的光、热、水等主要农业气候资源要素进行诊断分析，并应用Mann-Kendall方法对主要农业气候资源要素的突变性进行了检测和分析。

The result of factor analysis can provide the changes of relative precipitation and temperature variations. In trace elements, Cu, As, Zn, Pb and Ni were apparently enrichmented in soil layers and are sensitive to climatic changes. Carbon isotope is more sensitive to climatic changes than that of oxygen isotope in loess stratigraphy. The heavy mineral are varified in the loess stratigraphy, but their content differences between loess and palaeosol is little. Though the palynologic analyses results reveal that pollens and spores are fewer in the loess stratigraphy, they differ greatly in loess layer and palaeosol layer not only in species but also in types, i. e., the pollens and spores indicating warm and moist climate, such as Lles, Podocarpus, Polopydium, Pteris grerilliana Wall, Pterocarya and Juglans appear in palaeosol layers, while those indicating cold and dry climate such as Ephedra, Artemisia, Chinopodiaceae, Picea and Abies exist mainly in loess layers. The pollen content of broad-leaved tree mainly consisting of Pterocarya is up to 60% in palaeosol 〓, while the content of Ephedra is more than 50% in 〓 loess layer, showing that the environment differed greatly when 〓 and 〓 were formed.

当然，常量元素氧化物的组合因子分析结果可提供相对降水与相对温度在剖面的变化，因而来反映气候状况更为理想；微量元素中Cu、As、Zn、Pb与Ni在成土过程中富集明显，亦较好地反映了气候变化；稳定同位素中的碳同位素比氧同位素更能敏感记录气候的变化；研究区黄土地层中重矿物种类较多，但黄土层与古土壤层中含量差异不大；孢粉分析结果揭示，尽管研究区黄土层中孢粉总量相对较为贫乏，但黄土层与古土壤层中孢粉种属相差较大：在古土壤层内出现了指示相对暖湿环境的冬青属、罗汉松属、水龙骨属、林下凤尾蕨、枫杨、胡桃等植物孢粉，而黄土层中麻黄、藜科、蒿属及冷杉、云杉含量较高。

Based on the ecological characteristics, climate and humidity condition for the vegetation of the sporopollen from the both of the wells, the palaeovegetation types have been reconstructed. The result shows that the paleoclimate changes from tropical semiarid-subhumid climate to subhumid mid subtropical climate to subhumid south subtropical climate.

通过对两口钻井的孢粉植被类型、气温带和干湿度类型及孢粉谱的进一步分析，可将泉头组-青山口组沉积期的气候变化划分为三个演化阶段，自下向上依次为半干半湿的热带气候——半湿润的中亚热带气候——半湿润的南亚热带气候。

Research progresses have been performed during the past decade in the following aspects: ecologicaldatabase development, climate and its variability, ecophysiological response of plants to environments,vegetation and landscape changes, biodiversity patterns and their changes, plant functional types and traitswith relation to climatic gradient, productivity and carbon dynamics, pollen-vegetation relationship, tracegas emissions, land use and land cover changes, as well as biogeographical and biogeochemical modelling.

在过去的10年里，中国东北样带的研究进展表现在以下几个方面：生态数据库发展、气候及其变异性、植物对环境的生态生理响应、植被和景观变化、生物多样性格局及其变化、植物功能型和植物性状及气候梯度分析、生产力和碳动态、花粉-植被相互关系、痕量气体放散、土地利用和土地覆盖变化以及生物地理和生物地球化学模拟。

Furthermore, in order to improve the interpretation of the deltaic sedimentary record, e.g., to identify climate and environmental changes using the record, the various parameters derived from analyses of the cores should be standardized by evaluating the temporal changes caused by early diagenesis and decay, and by determining the rate of deltaic shoreline changes which control the relative position of the record within the deltaic sedimentary system.

此外，在长江三角洲沉积记录的分析方面，为了更好地提取气候、环境演化信息，应充分考虑沉积记录形成后所经历的自身变化（如成岩作用变化、分解和衰变等）和相对于岸线迁移的空间位置变化。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.

内在气候系统的改变，如温室气体的浓度变化，也会产生足够强度和变异的波动，用以解释所观察的回鐀过程与气候构成要件间相互作用所造成的气候变迁。

Based on the results simulated by PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies), which is developed in the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, changes of surface air temperature and precipitation under SRES B2 scenario in South China during 2071~2100 are analyzed. It is shown that, compared to baseline (1961~1990), surface air temperature in 2071~2100 would increase by 2~4℃, precipitation in summer would increase in the north part to 22°N, while the precipitation in winter would decrease in the whole areas of South China. The climate trend of the surface air temperature would be positive, however the climate trend of the precipitation would be negative, the occurrence frequency of extremely high temperature events and extremely heavy precipitation events would increase.

利用英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS，模拟分析基于政府间气候变化专门委员会 2000年发布的《排放情景特别报告》中设计的B2情景下华南区域2071~2100年的温度和降水量的可能变化，结果显示：2071~2100年均地面温度相对于气候基准时段（1961~1990年）上升约2~4℃；华南区域未来夏季降水量在22°N以北区域较气候基准时段增加，而以南区域减少；冬季降水则表现为华南区域较气候基准时段减少。2071~2100年华南区域的温度气候趋势系数为正值，年均降水气候趋势系数为负值。2071~2100年的高温事件和强降水事件的发生频率均比气候基准时段明显增加。

Through this case, Bonn, a German city, will show us how their measures of conservation of energy are applied in Bukhara, a city in Uzbekistan, for whom the subject of climate changes and energy management is something totally original.

德国城市波恩将在城市未来馆三楼报告厅展示他们在乌兹别克斯坦布卡拉市掀起的&节能&风潮。德国近两年频繁讨论气候变迁和能源问题，而对于刚独立的发展中国家乌兹别克斯坦来说，这可是件新鲜事。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。