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Our previous studies have shown that ubiquitous overexpression of HmgD caused hemocytes proliferation and the formation of melanotic tumors in the Drosophila larvae. To clarify the mechanism of melanotic tumors appearance,we also generated RT-PCR analysis to test the transcriptional changes of PPAE and Spn27A,which encode the key factors in the phenoloxidasecascade pathway from larvae samples of mid-third instar,late-third instar and prior to pupation relative to wild type flies.Our result showed that in the HmgD overexpression mid-third instar larvae,the expression level.of Spn27A was lower than wild type,otherwise the expression level of PPAE was higher than wild type.It suggests that overexpression of HmgD affects the PO cascade pathway.

本研究组前期工作发现，过量表达HmgD引起果蝇幼虫体内血细胞增生，并出现黑色素瘤，为探讨HmgD过量表达导致了血细胞增生即形成黑色素瘤的分子机制，本研究分别提取三龄中期、后期和相对于野生型化蛹前时刻的幼虫的RNA，首先检测了编码酚氧化酶级联反应途径中的两个关键基因PPAE，Spn27A在突变体中的转录发生变化，结果发现，Spn27A在三龄中期的表达量低于野生型，而PPAE的表达高于野生型，表明过量表达HmgD影响了酚氧化酶级联反应途径，低水平的Spn27A不足以抑制PPAE的活性，活化的PPAE催化了PPO的活性，使其转变成有活性的PO，从而促进黑色素的生成，使果蝇体内产生黑色素瘤。

Objective:To clarify the basis of total mesorectal excision by studying the morphology of the mesorectum.

目的：通过研究直肠系膜的形态学特点和范围来认识直肠系膜全切除的理论依据。

First step is to summarize the characteristics of metalanguage as well as the current research achievements of the metalinguistic theory and to clarify the signification of "methodological principle" by defining and discriminating several terms such as metalanguage, object language and language.

作为方法论原则的元语言理论西方20世纪的现代语言学在科学方法论研究上取得了丰硕的成果，其中语言和言语、元语言和对象语言的区分是其重要内容之一。

Eragrostideae is not monophyletic,how Chloridoideae devides subtribes need more evidence to clarify.

同时认为画眉草族植物是个并系群，至于虎尾草族内亚族的划分值得进一步研究。

Here we clarify that areal-type of a genus is defined by concluding distributions of all species in the genus, therefore specific distribution types are not the same as their generic areal-types except monotypic genera. Similarities of composition of areal-types between compared regional floras do not necessarily represent their floristic similarities because the same generic areal-type can be composed by different genera from different plant families.

根据植物区系学理论，属的分布区是该属内所有物种的分布区的集合，除单种属外，不能直接套用属分布区类型作为该属内各个种的分布区类型；亲缘关系疏远的不同植物属可以有同样的分布区类型，若把不同地区植物区系各地理成分的比例关系的类似性解读成各地区间植物区系的亲缘关系，显然是不适合的。

Objective To evaluate potential of collagen sustained release recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) composed with coral and bone mesenchymal stem cells in repair of cranial defect aiming to clarify the origin of new bone after defect repair by such tissue-engineered bone.

目的观察以胶原缓释重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)复合骨髓间充质干细胞及珊瑚构建的组织工程骨修复颅骨缺损的能力，明确复合BMSCs的组织工程骨修复颅骨缺损后新骨的来源。

In order to clarify the genetic mechanism of the adhesion,an in vitro adhesion experiment was carried out for three variants of E.coli F4in 366 piglets of three pig breeds.The results showed that there existed significant differences(P.001)in the adhesion percentage among the three breeds.Most SB piglets were nonadhesive for all the three variants,whereas most LR piglets were adhesive.Within each breed except for LR,the proportions of the three F4 variants adhering to the brush borders differed significantly.

为了研究黏附的遗传机制，本实验利用大白、长白、松辽黑猪的小肠刷状缘细胞与F4ab、F4ac、F4ad进行离体黏附实验，结果发现3品种猪之间黏附情况存在显著差别(P《0.01)，松辽黑猪以非黏附型为主，而长白猪中黏附型比例较高，在同一品种猪内，3种菌株的黏附比例在松辽黑猪内和大白猪内有极显著差异，但在长白猪中无显著差异。

Humus was added into nonorganic silt to clarify the effect of a variety of additives on the cemented soil performance.

在去除有机质的黏质粉土中加入腐殖酸，研究了经某种液态添加剂改良后的水泥土特性。

Objective: To clarify the technical parameters in posterior atlanto-occipital transarticular screw fixation and discuss the clinical significance of occipitocervical junction fixation with transarticular screws.

目的：明确后路寰枕关节经关节螺钉固定的技术参数；探讨枕颈部经关节螺钉内固定技术的临床意义。

So it is urgent for neuroscientists to clarify the regeneration laws and the reconstruction methods of damaged oculomotor nerve.

最根本的问题是必须明确动眼神经损伤后是否存在神经再生现象，必须阐明神经再生的规律和探索促进功能恢复的途径。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。