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In the present study, mitochondrial 12S, 16S and nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA fragments of ten species of spiders were amplified and sequenced. Using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian analyses, the phylogenetic relationship between Deinopoidea and Araneoidea was inferred from the combined DNA sequences of 12S, 16S, 18S and 28S rDNA fragments. The resulting phylogeny indicated that: Deinopoidea and Araneoidea did not form single clade.

本文首先测定了包括复杂生殖器类中妖面蛛总科、园蛛总科和非圆网蛛类等3个类群在内的9科10种蜘蛛线粒体12S rDNA、16S rDNA及核18S rDNA、28S rDNA等4个基因片段序列，并基于4个基因序列的整合数据，分别通过邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法分析，对园蛛总科和妖面蛛总科蜘蛛之间的分子系统关系进行了探讨。

All evidences from both phenetic classification and cladistic classification demonstrated that the matsutake group is a polyphyletic group and Tricholoma nauseosum, T. matsutake and T. matsutake var. formosa come from one line of descent; T. focale, T. robustum and T. fulvocastaneum are closely related; T. zelleri, T. aurantium, T. caligatum var. nardosmia formed a clade. The result also suggested Dollo parsimony criterion was more suitable for phylogenetic reconstruction of the matsutake group based on morphological characters than the other two criterions.

在数量分类学研究中，通过表征分类和支序分类的研究得出结论如下：松口蘑群是一个多系群，北欧口蘑、松口蘑(T.matsutake)和松口蘑台湾变种(T.matsutake var.formosana)比较接近，羽衣口蘑、粗壮口蘑和黄褐口蘑(T.fulvocastaneum)也比较接近，泽氏口蘑、金黄口蘑(T.aurantium)和欧洲口蘑松香味变种(T.caligatum var.nardosmia)来自一个谱系。

The result of analyzing the base content revealed that only the sequences from Buxus bobinieri have GC bias, especially at the third base of codes, and the GC content is more than 70%. All of molecular phylogenetic trees, based on the Beyesian, MP, and NJ methods, consisted of three major clades. Four sequences from Ceratophyllum demersum were grouped into a monophyletic clade (subfamily Ⅱ). Two sequences out of Trochodendron aralioides nested in subfamily Ⅲ. Another three sequences from Kingdonia uniflora interspersed among different subclades of subfamily Ⅰ.

用贝叶斯法、最大简约法和邻接法构建的CHS基因的分子系统树均由3个主要分支构成，其中一个分支由来自金鱼藻的4个序列聚在一起构成了subfamily Ⅱ，来自昆栏树的2个序列聚在一起网接于subfamily Ⅲ中；来自独叶草的3个序列分散于同一亚家族(subfamily Ⅰ)的不同分支中；而多数种的序列分散在相距较远的两个分支中，构成了两个主要的亚家族subfamily Ⅰ、subfamily Ⅲ。

Strains YL001 and YL002 formed a monophyletic clade with strains of X. nematophilus with sequence homology outweighing 99% and the sequence homology to genus Photorhabdus outweighing 94%. The lag, logarithmic, stationary and contabescence phase of the two bacteria were 0-6, 6-18, 18-66 and 66 h respectively; pH of strains YL001 and YL002 reduced to 5.70 and 5.56 at 12 h, respectively, and then rose gradually to 7.74 and 8.07 respectively when culture finished. Glucose content reduced quickly during 0-18 h, and then kept stable. Amido nitrogen content reached the lowest at 12 h and then rose slowly. YL001 exhibited the highest inhibitory effects at 54 h and YL002 exhibited highest inhibitory effects at 42 and 66 h respectively on B. cirerea and B. subtilis. Strains YL001 and YL002 belonged to X.

YL001和YL002菌株与嗜线虫致病杆菌种内菌株形成一个类群，序列同源性大于99%，与发光杆菌属内菌株的序列同源性大于94%。2菌株的延缓期、对数生长期、稳定期和衰亡期分别为0~6，6~18，18~66和66 h；培养12 h后，YL001和YL002菌株发酵液的pH值分别降低至5.70和5.56，此后逐渐上升，至发酵结束时其pH值分别为7.74和8.07；培养0~18 h时2菌株发酵液中还原糖含量迅速降低，此后保持稳定；12 h时氨基氮含量达到最低，此后开始缓慢上升；YL001菌株培养54 h后及YL002菌株培养42和66 h后，其对番茄灰霉病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用最强。

Edwardsia sipunculoides is belong to the order Edwardsidae in being, however, it first assemble with species of Actiniidae in the same clade on the phylogenetic trees with 100% degree of confidence of branch, and not with the species of Edwardsidae.

星虫状海葵现有分类地位属于爱氏海葵科，但在上述两种分子聚类分析中，均较海葵科物种老年细指海葵更先归入海葵科聚支，其置信度在NJ和MP中分别高达到100%、99%的自引导值。

Nevertheless, the results strongly supported that 1 Pyxidea mouhotii and Cuora aurocapitata formed a monophyletic clade, whereas Cyclemys atripons was not closer to the Pyxidea-Cuora than to Chinemys reevesii, suggesting that Cyclemys and the Cuora group may have originated from two ancestors; 2 the Geoemydidae with Testudinidae was a sister group rather than with the Emydidae.

结果表明：锯缘摄龟和金头闭壳龟构成单系支，白腹摄龟与此聚类支的亲缘关系较乌龟远，暗示齿缘摄龟属和闭壳龟组可能起源于两个不同的祖先；淡水龟科和陆龟科而不是龟科互为姐妹群。

A UPGMA dendrogram was constructed based on the genetic distances among the individuals, in which twenty-seven individuals of H. fusiformis clustered into one clade and the control individual of Sargassum horneri clustered into another one.

根据个体间的遗传距离，以UPGMA法构建了个体间的系统树图，27个羊栖菜个体聚为一枝，作为对照的铜藻为另一枝。

Nonetheless, the result showed that Pinus, Ginkgo, Cycas form a monophyletic group, which is sistered to angiosperms. Together, they from a clade that is sistered to Gnetales.

邻近连接法和贝叶氏导出氏分析结果将松叶蕨、瓶尔小草，和生根卷柏的matK序列一起形成一个单源群，同属石松类的过山龙与生根卷柏序列并未形成姐妹群。

The latter clade could be further divided into two strongly supported subclades:(Juglandaceae-Rhoipteleaceae)-Myricaceae, and (Betulaceae-Ticodendraceae)-Casuarinaceae.4 Six sequences combined analysesPhylogenetic reconstructions were performed under a number of scenarios for each of five combined data sets to elucidate the stability of the phylogeny trees.

桦木科和木麻黄科聚在一起，胡桃科和马尾树科为姐妹群再与杨梅科构成一支，这两个分支都得到很强的BS支持。核基因分析支持六个序列联合分析对核心高等金缕梅类各科间关系的分辨。

It also contained Chlorophyll-c2 and Chlorophyll-c2 derivatives. 4. The phylogenetic analysis of MD1 18S rDNA by using NJ method indicated that MD1 belonged to the genera Nitzschia. MD1 was closest to the Peridinium foliaceum endosymbiont(Y10567) and formed one clade each other in the phylogenetic tree.

在序列的遗传距离研究中，MD1与Peridinium foliaceum endosymbiont（Y10567）的18S rRNA基因序列的相似性接近种的定义标准，且在系统发育树中聚在一起，但未得到显著的BP支持率，故不能定义为同种。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐