查询词典 civil rights

The legislative purpose of the system of civil suit collateral to criminal proceedings is to lessen the pending suits,to increase litigation efficiency,to safeguard criminal cases being correctly handled,to uphold the unity and seriousness of judicial judgment,to safeguard the property interests of state and collectives,and the legal rights and interests of victims However,with the continuous progress of the construction of legality,and the increasing perfection of civil substantives and procedural laves.the practice value of the civil suit collateral to crimihal proceedings has been challenged At the same time.the defects in the design of legislative norms and institutions d China make the collateral civil proceedings lack of independence,the remedy scope too narrow,which result in insufficient protection on the rights and interests of victims.

刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法目的在于减轻诉累，提高诉讼效率，保证正确处理刑事案件、维护司法判决的统一性和严肃性、维护国家、集体财产利益以及被害人的合法权益。但随着法制建设的不断进步，民事实体和程序法律的不断完善，刑事附带民事诉讼制度的实践价值受到质疑。同时由于我国在立法规范和制度设计上的缺陷，导致附带民事诉讼缺乏独立性救济范围过于狭窄，从而造成了对被害人的利益保护不足。

The relationship between the public interest and civil rights is: who has the greater priority? The neo-liberal advocates that civil rights should take a priority over the public interest; and communalism advocates that public interest should take precedence over civil rights.

公共利益和公民权利之间的关系表现在：两者谁更优先上，新自由主义主张公民权利优先于公共利益，而社群主义则主张公共利益优先于公民权利。

In this part, the author holds that under most circumstances ,the start and operation of the internal mechanism of the civil law are only decided by the party according to his own benefit; what the civil law should do and can do is just entitling rights and defining duty for the party; in the field of the civil law, the party arranges and realizes his own benefit by legalized rights—the conflicts and struggles of rights.

在本部分中作者认为，在很多情况下，民法内在机制之启动与运作仅仅由当事人根据自身的利益进行选择决定，民法所要做和所能做的也仅仅是为当事人赋予权利和确定义务。在民法的视野之内，当事人通过法律化了的利益——权利的对立与斗争来安排与实现自身的利益。

At present, people gradually realize that all kinds of human rights as integrity has mutual relation, liberal rights and social right are not two insolated right, and one could not been protected through separating oneself from another. So, judicial remedy of social rights included class action, social interpretation about civil and citizen rights as well as factual judicial protection of social rights by affirmative action has been generated in some countries and regions.

目前，人们逐渐认识到作为整体的人的各种权利具有相互关联性，自由权与社会权不是孤立的两类存在，无法脱离其中的一类权利来抽象地保护另一类权利，于是，一些国家和地区在可能的范围内发展了社会权的司法救济，包括集体申诉制度、对公民和政治权利的社会性解释、通过肯定性救济手段给予社会权利以事实上的司法保护与公益诉讼等形式。

As to this has formed different understanding between developed country and developing country, the developed country thinks human rights has already substituted " foundation stone " that the traditional sovereign equality has become the international relations, emphasize the sovereignty is to threaten human rights , if wanting to protect human rights , must limit state sovereignty , is it advocate " human rights higher than sovereignty "," human rights borderless ", for maintain human rights can go on " humanistic intervention " to other country to do one's utmost.

对此在发达国家和发展中国家之间形成了不同的认识，发达国家认为人权已经替代了传统的主权平等成为国际关系的"基石"，强调主权就是威胁人权，要保护人权就必须限制国家主权，极力宣扬"人权高于主权"、"人权无国界"，为了维护人权可以对他国进行"人道主义干预"。

The doctrine and practice of the Council of Europe in the promotion and protection of has had profound influence on the international protection of human rights as follows: Regional approach is the effective way to enforce the UD ;The international institutions of human rights must upgrade the justiciability of human rights through their reformations; States ought to exercise their sovereignty actively in protecting human rights in regional mechanism . The consciousness of the subject of individual right is naturally required to be strengthened in the protection of human rights; The international institutions of human rights ought to improve their working efficiency.

内容提要欧洲理事会采取集体办法促进和保护人权的理论和实践对建立和完善国际人权保护制度产生了深远的影响：区域性人权保护办法是在区域层面上施行《世界人权宣言》的有效途径；国际人权机构应通过改革不断提高人权的可司法性；主权国家应在采取集体办法保护区域人权方面积极行使主权权利；人权国际保护内在地要求增强个人的权利主体意识；国际人权保护机构应不断提高其工作效率。

The content of the parental rights and minor children's rights of privacy has all aimed to the private life of minor children's study and entertainment, which has created the condition of the conflicts between the two parties. Neither the law of our country has detailed stipulated for the content of parental rights, nor stipulated restrictedly to minor children's rights of privacy. The legitimate right is the basis to realize the right and ensure the right is legal. Because of the unperfected law, both two parties haven't got a clear confine in using their rights. So it also becomes one important reason of the conflict. In the past, parents use their guardianship as the hegemony which including some long-history autocratic tradition. It is the cultural factor of disregarding and excluding the individual privacy. With the development of democracy and legal system, citizen including minor children have realized their rights to privacy which has also become one reason to raise the right conflict.

因父母行使亲权与未成年隐私权的内容均指向了未成年人的学习娱乐等私生活，为两者发生冲突创造了条件；而我国法律既未对父母行使亲权的内容作具体详实的规定，也未对未成年人的隐私权作限制性规定，权利的法定化是为权利的实现和保障奠定法律基础和合法性依据的，法律本身的不完备、不完善使得权利主体行使权利的界限不明确，也是造成权利冲突的重要原因；古代以家长权为支配权的亲子法，包括中国古代社会存在的源远流长的专制传统，是对个人隐私的漠视和排斥的文化因素；随着民主法制的发展，公民包括未成年人权利意识的发展，也是权利冲突现象增多的一个直接导因。

At the end of the thesis,practically and realisticallysummarizing the studies concerning this topic,the author believes to put forward thenew viewpoints in following aspects,i.e.the"theory of three-phase"for thedevelopment of victimology;the trends of the worldwide development of the redress ofthe victims'rights;the new method to protect the victims,which balances theprotection between the victims and inflictors to resume the victims'rights by setting upthe protective measures such as the national relief and social supporting system for thevictims,which rarely connects with their rights and interests directly;the necessity ofthe redress of the victims'rights in 6 aspects;the deficiencies on the issue of theredress of the victims'rights in the aspects of academic research and legislation;theelementary reflects on the constitutional foundation for the protection of the victims;the two-side analysis on the regulations for the protection of victims in new penal law;the suggestion to establish the system for investigation,statistics and proclamation ofvictimization;the design to consummate the rights and redress of the victims inappealing procedures;the assumption to establish the social supporting system of thevictims in China,and soon.

在论文的最后，实事求是地总结了自己关于本课题的研究，认为在以下若干方面提出了个人的新见解。提出了我国被害人学发展的"三阶段说"；提出了世界范围内犯罪被害人权利救济的发展趋势；提出了通过建立对犯罪被害人的国家补偿制度和社会支援体系这样的与加害人权益不大发生直接联系的犯罪被害人保护措施，来实现犯罪被害人的被害恢复，以求得加害人与被害人权利保护平衡的犯罪被害人权利保护方式的新思路；从六个方面提出了我国犯罪被害人权利救济的必要性；从理论研究和立法两个方面指出了我国在犯罪被害人权利救济问题上的欠缺点，其中对我国犯罪被害人的理论研究作了反思，对犯罪被害人保护的宪法依据作了初步的探讨，对新刑事诉讼法关于犯罪被害人的保护的规定作了一分为二的分析；提出了建立我国的犯罪被害调查、统计和公告制度的建议；提出了为了防止被害人的第二次被害，而完善犯罪被害人在诉讼程序中的权利与救济的方案；提出了构建我国犯罪被害人社会支援体系的设想。等等。

Human rights subject is limited in classical theories and evolving of the notion of hu—man rights subject ramifies the establishment of theory of universal subject,Legal person,as the fictional branch law subject which obtains the indemnification of human rights under constitution,expands the characteristic of human rights subject from life to personality,and theinternationalization of human rights makes collective versus individual the human rights subject under international law.

在古典人权理论中人权主体是有限的。现代人权理论中，人权的普遍性首先指主体的普遍性。法人所以成为人权主体，一则因之其权利为宪法意义上的权利；二则因之其保障方式为宪法诉讼方式。人权的国际化使集体成为特别的人权主体。

Because of the low efficiency of economy collectivization, collective property rights can"t last for a long time and central government has to communicate with community and peasants. Rural community collective property rights become subjective through balancing benefits by formal or informal trading. With the changes of political and economical environment, the contradiction of rural community property rights between fair and efficiency become more and more serious. Collective lands and collective enterprises advance to privatization gradually. There are two kinds of country collective property rights in the history of its evolution, one offer community common good and the other satisfy peasants" private demand. The collective property rights institution improvement brings efficiency because it privatizes the latter. Because of the limit of industrialization and civilization, land is still the last social welfare of peasants, so rural community must attain the collective property rights to control the pressure of population. Also community has to get money from collective economy.

本文分析的思路是；由于制度变迁的&路径依赖&，农村社区之间的利益分配边界在解放以后得以保持并在集体化过程中得到加强，为社区获得排他性集体产权奠定了基础；由于国家对农村经济的集体化效率极低而不可能长期维持，国家不得不与社区和农民对话，通过正式或非正式的交易平衡多方利益，社区集体产权获得实质性内容；随着政治、经济等环境的不断变化，社区集体产权公平与效率之间的矛盾同益明显，集体土地和集体企业逐渐朝私有化的方向发展；从农村社区集体产权制度变迁的历史来看，集体产权实际上包含两种形式：提供社区公共物品和满足社区农民个人需求，每一次集体产权的制度创新，都是使后者&私有化&而提高了集体经济的效率；但是，受我国工业化和城市化进程缓慢的制约，土地依然是农民最后的生存保障，农村社区必须保持对土地的集体产权以调节人口变化对土地的压力，社区组织行使职能也必须有一定的集体经济提供资金支持。

The shaping method of noncircular part and the tool holder's radial motion characters in noncircular turning process are discussed in detail in the thesis.

论文详细研究了非圆零件的成型方法和加工过程中刀架的径向运动规律。

I have not really liked him,I do not like his this kind of disposition.

我没有真的喜欢他，我不喜欢他的这种性格。