查询词典 civil law

In Roman law and German civil law, the conflicts in reconciliation system are between the contractual efficacy and the legislative intention of resolving disputes. In France civil law, they are between the contractual character and its having the unchangeableness of judgment and correspondingly having the direct enforcement powers.

在罗马法、德国民法上，表现为和解的契约效力与其纠纷解决的立法目的之间的矛盾；在法国民法上，则表现为和解的契约性质与其具有终审判决之既判力以及与此相应的直接强制执行力之间的矛盾。

Market-oriented economy needs fairness which is emphasized in civil commercial law,the basic law of market economy and is regarded as a abasic rule of responsidility attribution in the infringement of right act,which is an important part of civil commercial law.

市场经济需要公平，而市场经济的基本法律民商法中也必然强调公平，民商法的一个重要组成部分侵权行为法，把公平奉为一个基本的归责原则，然而围绕着它是不是一个应该存在的规则原则，是否真正体现了一种公平的观念，它的适用范围如何一直有诸多争议。

At the legislative level, the future of our system of punitive damages intort and contract areas of the Civil Code should be provided However, as atemporary measure, the first step is in intellectual property law, securities law,environmental protection, product liability, Consumer Protection Law, theProduct Safety Act and other relevant civil or special laws to improve theapplication of punitive damages system.

在立法上，对惩罚性赔偿制度我国将来的民法典应当在侵权与合同领域都加以规定，但作为权宜之计，可先在知识产权法、证券法、环境保护法、产品责任法、消费者权益保护法、生产安全法等相应的民事特别法中规定或完善惩罚性赔偿制度的适用。

From the 1980s to 2002,American law profess Marc Galanter wrote three empirical researcharticles.He through a large amount of data empirical materials,take a panamic view of the deionon the dynamic development of United States civil trial during that period.This research the analysis indicates that,in the context of case management,settlement mediation got me me recognition by judges, that has brought to a changing of judicial philosophy the pattern of civil justice,the Justice gradually diversified into the diversified dispute resolution mechanism,the trial litigation continuous decline, the role of litigation in contempary development of the rule of law law began to decrease.

美国著名法社会学家Marc Galanter教授从1980年代到2002年的三篇实证研究，通过大量数据和经验性资料对这一时期美国民事审判的动态发展做出了一种全景式的描述，其研究和分析表明，在案件管理的背景下，和解和调解越来越受到法官的认同，并带来了司法理念和模式的转变，司法逐步融入多元化纠纷解决机制之中，以致审判结案率和诉讼率整体持续下降，诉讼在当代法治和法律发展中的作用开始降低。

The next instrumentality by which the adaptation of law to social wants is carried on I call Equity, meaning by that word any body of rules existing by the side of the original civil law, founded on distinct principles and claiming incidentally to supersede the civil law in virtue of a superior sanctity inherent in those principles.

法律用以适应社会需要的其次一个手段，我称之为&衡平&。这个名词的含义，是指同原有民法同时存在的某一些规定，它们建筑在各别原则的基础上，并且由于这些原则所固有的一种无上神圣性，它们竟然可以代替民法。

In thefirst place,the author eriticizes the confusion of conflicts of actions incivil procedural law textbooks in our country.On the basis ofreference to the viewpoint in face in civil law countries,and based onsubstantive law theory concerning object of action,the author gives adetailed and deepened analysis of the possible theoretical andprocedural questions of objective conflict of civil actions.Then theauthor studies the definitions,conditions,procedures and the processof court decision-making about the alteration of theobject of action,and tries to construct a whole set of theoretical system concerningobjective conflicts of action and alteration of the object of action.

首先，本文批判了我国民事诉讼法教材中关于诉的合并概念的混乱现象，在借鉴世界大陆法系通行的理论观点的前提下，以诉讼标的理论实体法学说为基础，分析了客观的诉的合并的条件、种类，论述了客观诉的合并的审查与裁判的过程，对民事诉讼中客观的诉的合并可能涉及的诸多理论和程序问题进行了深入细致的分析；在此基础之上，进一步对诉讼标的的变更的含义、条件以及诉讼标的变更的程序和法院的裁判过程进行了研究，力图建立一套完整的客观的诉的合并和诉讼标的的变更理论体系。

A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with the law.

第九条 公民从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。

Article 9. A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with the law.

第九条 公民从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。

Article 9 A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance withthe law.

第九条 公民从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。

Article 108 of the Civil Procedure Law prescribes the fundamental elements of any cognizable civil case, which are that:(1) the plaintiff must be a citizen, legal person, or other entity that has an interest in the case;(2) the defendant must be identified specifically;(3) the claims, facts, and arguments must be specific; and (4) the case must be a civil case within the scope of the jurisdiction of the courts generally, and within the jurisdiction of the specific court in which the lawsuit is filed.

民事诉讼法第108条规定了可审理的民事案件的基本原则，它们是：（1）原告是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织；（2）有明确的被告；（3）有具体的诉讼请求和事实、理由；（4）属于人民法院受理民事诉讼的范围和受诉人民法院管辖。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48