查询词典 civil law

While naturalists take the idea that human—made law possesses the just disposition of natural law as an argument to champion city—state law strongly,tragedians find conflicts between positive law and natural law,thereby enduing natural law with moral connotation for the first time.

正当自然主义者以人定法具有自然法的正义秉性为据大力捍卫城邦法律之时，悲剧作家则发现了人定法与自然法的冲突，从而第一次赋予自然法以道德的内涵。

The Critical Legal Studies Movement and post-modern law study arising in the 1970s, which fight against liberalism law tradition after the existence of classical natural law, aroused the second conversion of modern legal philosophy. It negates that law reflect nous, refuses the independence, conformability and oneness of law, and perturbs the bases and principles on which modern law study lies.

而二十世纪七十年代后兴起的批判法学运动和后现代主义法学将矛头直接指向古典自然法以来的自由主义法学传统，引发了近现代法哲学的第二次转型，它否定法律反映理性，否定法的独立性、确定性和统一性，动摇了现代法学所安身立命的基础和原则。

This article is mainly reviewed the history of the bankruptcy law of natural person, and saw about the bankruptcy law of natural person in the developed countries at present, then according to the situation of our country, analysed the legislation of the bankruptcy law of natural person in our country, and gave the advice of the design of the law. At last, the article analysed upbuilding correlative laws of the bankruptcy law of natural person. This article is about the bankruptcy law of natural person, and is mainly discussed from five parts.

本文对于自然人产破产制度的建立进行回顾，并对目前西方发达国家自然人破产制度进行考察，结合我国国情对在我国建立自然人破产制度进行分析，对建立该项制度提出有关程序及实体制度的设计，最后对建立自然人破产制度相关配套制度的建立进行了分析。

In the face of the very grave environmental question and ecocides day by day, the mankind begins to realize that there should be involvement with regular law in the fields of people and natural relation, however, people"s ecological environmental awareness and concrete law are adjusted and only stayed on very undeveloped aspect, this kind of state reflects and protects in the criminal law of the ecological environment too, the legislative thoughts of most countries have inherited the value idea of the traditional criminal law, the traditional criminal law is regarded as the last kind of means to adjust social relationships, the target that adjust is interpersonal social relationships, the object protected by criminal law is that the people"s life , health and property are safe, it is a kind of idea of value taking human interests as the center that reflects.

面对日益深重的环境问题和生态危机，人类开始意识到在人与自然关系的领域中要有法律规则的介入，然而，人们的生态环境意识及具体的法律调整还停留在很不发达的层面上，这种状况反映在生态环境的刑法保护上更为明显，多数国家的立法思想继承了传统刑法的价值理念，传统刑法作为调整社会关系的最后一种手段，其调整的对象是人与人之间的社会关系，受刑法保护的客体是人的生命、健康和财产安全，体现的是一种以人类利益为中心的价值理念。

Classical liberals firmly believe that in a number of rights of the individual, property rights is the most important. The law of rule of law is mainly to protect the property rights of citizens. It is through protecting the property rights of citizens for proper rules of conduct to contribute to the realization of individual freedom. Therefore,the rule of law of classical liberalism evolutes ultimately into the governance of private law. Private law plays the most important role in concept of the rule of law in classical liberalism.

古典自由主义者坚信，在个人的若干权利项中，财产权最为重要，法治之法所要保护的主要是公民的财产权，正当行为规则正是通过保护公民的财产权促成了个人自由的实现，因此，古典自由主义的法治最终演化为私法之治，私法在古典自由主义的法治观中扮演者最为重要的角色。

"Case law" always connotes judge-made law, while "common law" in contrast depending on the meaning intended describes either the judge-made law in common law subject matters or, more extensively, all judge-made law.

&判例法&通常指&法官造法&，而&普通法&相对是指普通法具体案例上法官制定的法律，或指法官制定的所有法律的总称-取决于意图指向。

The particularity of the economic law's right is decided by the particularity of social relation adjusted by economic law. Being the modern system for people to abate social the confliction of surplus right ,Economic law adjust the relation of the increasing benefits'production, realization, sharing and consumption among people in the condition of the cosmically socialization production. The increasing benefits comes from the creation of the surplus work force, as a result, the right of work force can be the sill category of economic law, and the person with work force can be the intensin mealing of economic law, moreover, person and its organization can be the extension meaning of economic law.

经济法权利的特殊性取决于人及其组织参与的经济法所调整的社会关系的特异性，作为缓和剩余权冲突的现代制度安排的经济法调整的社会关系是社会化大生产条件下人们之间的增量利益的生产、实现、分享和消费关系，增量利益源于剩余劳动的创造，因而可以将劳动力权经济法的基石范畴，将劳动力权人作为经济法主体的内涵，将人及组织作为经济法主体的外延。

Noted by www.SSEweb.net 】 Yon CHUNG (1964-), Male; Member, Experts Group on Social System Engineering; Chief Expert on Social System Engineering, Realizer Beijing Institute of Social System Engineering; Research Fellow, Research Center of Intellectual Property, China University of Politics and Law; Attorney at law, Attorney at law, Realizer Beijing Law Firm; Director, The International Research Project on "Systems Thinking of Chinese Leadership"; Former Director, Center of Legal System Engineering, Central Leadership Institute of Politics and Law, and Former Superintendent, Comprehensive Teaching Department of Social System Engineering School, China University of Politics and Law. He has been exploring the Legal System Engineering, Somatic Science, etc. under the support and instruction of H.S.TSIEN (the progenitor of Engineering Cybernetics and Chinese rocketry, missilery, spaceflight and System Engineering) from early 1980s.

常远(1964-)，男，社会系统工程专家组成员，北京实现者社会系统工程研究院首席社会系统工程专家，中国政法大学知识产权研究中心研究员，北京实现者律师事务所律师，&中国领导层系统思维&国际研究计划(The International Research Project for Systems Thinking of Chinese Leadership)主持人。20世纪80年代初开始在钱学森(工程控制论奠基者，中国火箭、导弹、航天、系统工程之父)支持和指导下从事法治系统工程和人体科学等领域探索；曾任国家教育委员会北京教授讲学团法治系统工程研究所所长、中央政法管理干部学院法治系统工程中心主任、中国政法大学社会工程学院综合教学部负责人；1993被联合国区域间犯罪与司法研究院列入专家名册，1996年被授予&司法部优秀青年&称号。

By describing and summarizing the development of the divided ofpublic-private law from emergence to prosperity to variation,thechapter 2 firstly suggests that the theory of the divided ofpublic-private law in different time is coincident with then and therepolitics,economy and culture and has different function,that thecollective of legal rules belonging under public law or private law indifferent time is not entirely consistent,and that,even though therehave been many challenges to it,the divided of public-private lawshould not be completely denied in those traditional countries whichput it into practice.In fact,the phenomenon that public law andprivate law are penetrating each other just reflets these suggestions.

第二章首先通过总结公私法划分从萌芽到全盛再到现代社会的变异过程；说明不同时期的公私法划分理论分别与不同时期的政治、经济和文化相适应，发挥了不同的功能，不同时期的公法和私法对应的法律规则的集合也不尽相同，而且，在有实行公私法划分传统的国家，公私法划分尽管出现危机但不会被全面否定，&公法私法化&和&私法公法化&的现象正反映了上述结论。

It is a basic problem in international law and also the key point around which the international law nihilists blame that international law is not a "law" while the proponents of international law endeavor to testify it is a "law."

它是国际法学中的一个基本问题，也是国际法虚无主义者指责国际法不是&法&以及国际法的支持者证明国际法是&法&的焦点所在。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48