查询词典 civil law

Pattern of Legal Structure/Separation of Civil and Commercial Code/Abstract Pinciple 知识词典 The legal systems in China,including those in the Mainland,Taiwan and Macao,have actually drawn reference and derived from civil law systems,and particularly established on the basis of Germany legal system.

知识词典政法论坛京68～76D412民商法学米健20012001当代中国，包括大陆、台湾和澳门的法制实际都是在借鉴和继受大陆法系法制，特别是德国法制的基础上建立的。

For the reason that countries from civil law system have long-lasting tradition toinsist on the principle of privity, the systematic mode and developing progress oftortious liability for infringing contracts are inferior to the common law system. Sothis article mainly discusses the theory of interfering with the contract in Americantort law by using methods of historic analysis, comparative analysis and case study sothat some references could be provided to the formation of the theory in China.

由于大陆法系国家固守合同相对性原则的悠久传统，它们在侵害债权责任的制度设计和发展程度上要远远落后于英美国家，因此本文主要研究美国侵权法上的干涉合同制度，采用历史分析、比较分析和案例分析的方法对该制度进行了详细地介绍和阐析，以期对我国相关制度的构建提供借鉴。

Fist we find that law factor is important in investor protection by comparing the way of other countries in the world, and we also find that the countries with "the common law" perform better than those with "the civil law" in the investor protection.

首先通过对世界各国投资者保护制度进行比较，发现法律在投资者保护中起了重要的作用，普通法系国家对股东的保护要好于大陆法系国家对股东的保护。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

At last, by analyzing the similarities and differences of legislation and judicature systems concerned of foreign country, the article discusses some good defense countermeasure that we should adopt by drawing lessons from the foreign country. Later it analyses providing concerned about criminal law, civil law, maritime law which are related to crime of cheat on L/C and points out the defects our legal system. Following that, it puts forward concrete proposal of legislation and judicature on proposal of legislation and judicature on improving legal system and taking strong measures against the behavior of crime of cheat on L/C. At last the article discusses the way to solve the self梥aving measures that every party should adopt and the concrete measurers that international organization uses to defense against cheat of L/C.

通过对西方国家有关信用证欺诈及其犯罪的立法、司法制度的比较分析，论述我国应该借鉴外国一些有益的防治措施，对我国的刑法、民法、海商法等涉及信用证欺诈的相关规定进行剖析，指出我国信用证欺诈方面法制的不健全之处，对完善我国信用证欺诈的法律体系与打击信用证欺诈犯罪行为提出具体的立法、司法建议；同时探讨信用证欺诈在法律冲突时的解决办法以及各方当事人应该采取的自力性救济措施和国际组织在防治信用证欺诈方面的具体措施。

Our revisers and law-makers were familiar with the civil law, and they did not deem it important to incorporate into our statutes its provisions upon this subject. This is not a casus omissus. It was evidently supposed that the maxims of the common law were sufficient to regulate such a case, and that a specific enactment for that purpose was not needed.

立法者和修改者对民法是熟悉的，他们也不认为把该事项写进制定法是重要的，这并不是偶然的疏忽，而是因为人们认为普通法的法律原则足以调整这类案件，没有必要对此作出规定。

The right of setoff in law of bankruptcy is based on the seto ff of obligation in civil law, thereby it has some characteristics of that in ci vil law.

破产法上的抵销权源于民法中债的抵销权，故具有民法抵销权的一些特征。

The law of ship arrest in China is built on thematerial factors of the law of arrest for security in Civil Law and action in rem in CommonLaw.

目前，我国已经初步建成了融合大陆法系的担保保全与英美法系的对物诉讼这两种制度优势的扣船制度。

The civil law of different nations, and especially the Roman law, may be numbered among the accessory sources of canon law.

民事法律中的不同国家，尤其是罗马法，可编号之间的配件来源的教会法。

Abstract］The reason why trust property right in common law system is incompatible with the system of right in rem in civil law lies in the two characteristics of such right rooted in British history since the 11th century: firstly, the English trust property right is based on the concept of estate and, therefore, has the characteristic of the estate, which means it is possible to have more than one right in one thing; and secondly, trust property right in common law system is created on the basis of agreement and therefore is inseparable from the right in personam.

内容提要：英美信托财产权之所以难以融入大陆法物权体系，根源于11世纪末以来英国历史所赋予它的两大特性：第一，英美信托财产权以地产权为基础，具有地产权的特性，可以一物多权；第二，英美信托财产权的创设基于合意，具有与\&债权\&密不可分的交叉特性。李培锋，中南财经政法大学法学院副教授。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。