查询词典 circumstantial evidence

In the part I, the concept, development and current lawmaking status of E-mail are introduced. In this part, the writer states the source, development and basic technical principals of E-mail and analyses its current application status and the importance of effectiveness identification of being evidence. Besides, related international laws on E-mail and lawmaking status in many countries are introduced. Present situation of our country's lawmaking and related model laws since the utilization of E-business and E-mail are also stated and discussed. Part II emphasizes on the differences between E-mail and traditional evidences and generalizes the characteristics of E-mail, i.e.: forgeability, changeability, dependence, uncertainty, duplicatability and transmission. Through the detailed analysis, the writer concludes that it is the above-mentioned characteristics to hinder E-mail becoming the effective evidence. Part III is the key one of this article and mainly discusses the effectiveness identification of E-mail as evidence. In this part, the writer states how the 5 characteristics of E-mail mentioned in Part II to affect the validity and authenticity of E-mail as evidence.

第一部分介绍了电子邮件的概念、发展及立法现状，在该部分中笔者详细阐述了电子邮件的产生、发展以及电子邮件运作的基本技术原理，论述了电子邮件目前的应用状况以及解决其作为证据被认定问题的重要性，同时还介绍了世界上与电子邮件有关的相关国际规范以及各国立法的情况，并讨论了我国自电子商务及电子邮件使用以来的立法现状以及相关的典型立法；第二部分重点阐述了电子邮件与传统证据的区别，并将这些区别归纳为电子邮件作为数据电文的一种类型所具有的特殊属性，即：易伪造性，易修改性，依附性，原件不确定性，易复制和传播性，通过对这些特性的详细阐述，得出了这些属性是导致电子邮件无法成为有效证据的主要障碍的这一结论；第三部分是本文的重点，着重讨论了电子邮件证据效力的认定问题，该部分主要阐述了第二部分提及的电子邮件的五个特性造成了电子邮件证据在合法性和真实性这二方面的障碍。

Evidence rule ; Illegal evidence ; Hearsay evidence ; Scientific evidence ; Expert witness

证据规则；非法证据；传闻证据；科学证据；专家证人

Penman think alter "conscience proof" analyses that definition of criminal lawsuit evidence should be defined again, that is to say, evidence is matter carrier including relative information of case, impeccability evidence or impeccability evidence clew should be investigated.

通过对"良心证明"问题的分析，笔者认为，应当重新考量刑事证据定义，即证据是蕴含案件相关信息的物质载体；有必要在刑事诉讼法中对专门机关附加相关义务，以保障无罪证据或无罪证据线索得到调查。

I think there are two aspects should be perfected. On Capacity of evidence, we should carry out direct wordage principle in litigation, set up franchise rules, exclude illegally obtained evidence. On weight of evidence, we should establish the principle of free evaluation of evidence through inner conviction, and give the evaluation necessary restrict in order to ensure the heart proof impersonally.

本文认为，在证据能力方面，我国应当在诉讼中贯彻直接言词原则，设立特权规则，对重大违法的证据予以排除；在证明力方面，应当确立自由心证原则，并对心证以必要的制约，以保障心证的客观化、合理化、公开化。

Cotemporary medicine mode emphasizes both experience and evidence, on the base of collecting the case history and physical examination, asking doctor to use of current best evidence to solve the clinical problems by evidence, lay down preventive and treat measure by searching and reviewing documents effectively and founding and using current best evidence.

现代医学模式是在强调经验医学的同时强调循证，即在仔细采集病史和体格检查基础上，要求临床医师进行有效的文献检索，运用评价临床文献的正规方法，发现最有关和正确的信息，最有效的应用证据，根据证据解决临床问题，制定疾病的预防措施和治疗措施。

The rule of experience determines the relevance of evidence; it determines the admissibility of evidence; it can be used to evaluate the probative force of evidence; and it has reasoning effects between the evidence and the fact.

一认定事实：经验法则决定证据的关联性；决定证据的可采性；评判证据价值；在证据与案件事实之间发挥推理作用。

The people's court of second instance shall, if it holds after hearing a case that the facts have not been clearly ascertained or the evidence is insufficient, all by one order rescind the original judgment and remand the case to the people's court of first instance for retrial or, if, after investigations, it ascertains some part of the facts as charged with sufficient evidence, make a judgment based on the facts ascertained or, if, after investigations, it holds that there are still no facts of crime ascertained or no sufficient evidence for the charge, make a judgment acquitting the accused of the crime for insufficient evidence without delay.

第二审人民法院经过审理，对于事实不清或者证据不足的案件，只能一次裁定撤销原判、发回原审人民法院重新审判；对于经过查证，只有部分犯罪事实清楚、证据充分的案件，只就该部分罪行进行认定和宣判；对于查证以后，仍然事实不清或者证据不足的案件，要依法作出证据不足、指控的犯罪不能成立的无罪判决，不得拖延不决，迟迟不判。

It not only impacts the change of the System of Criminal Evidence;in larges the scope of criminal evidence,makes more and more non—natural things into the view of criminal evidence;but also provides new means for collecting and preserving the criminal evidence.while makes a new challenge on this.

科技影响了刑事证据制度的变迁；扩大了刑事证据的范围，使越来越多的非61然物进入证据之列；对于收集、固定和保全刑事证据，既提供了新的手段，也提出了新的挑战；同时对于刑事证据的采信规则也产生了影响。

Firstly, This text has described information fusion technology characteristic, form structure and concrete processing method, and application of information fusion in fault diagnosis proves the feasibility and validity from the angle of information theory. Based on this,it is combined the fault diagnosis of aeroengine with Information fusion, a method and model which the fault diagnosis of aeroengine information fusion is brought forward. a research which combined neural networks with D-S evidence is brought forward. Based on the analysis of single neural network characteristic, the model of roted neural network is put forward. With the simulation based on the example, we can know evidence theory fusion improved the fault diagnosis It is hard to give the basic probability function in the process of using the evidence theory, So the model based on network and D-S evidence is put forword.

本文首先论述了信息融合技术的特点、形式结构和具体的处理方法，并从信息论的角度论证了信息融合技术在故障诊断中的可行性和有效性；在此基础上，将航空发动机故障诊断与信息融合相结合，提出了一种基于信息融合技术的发动机故障诊断模型和方法，并在此基础上，提出和分析了基于人工神经网络和D-S证据理论的信息融合故障诊断，研究了神经网络的建模方法、组建原则和实现策略，并结合诊断实例进行了分析；提出了基于D-S证据理论的决策融合，阐述了D-S证据理论的方法，模型，并结合算例进行了分析。

Evidence-based management pays more attention in comprehensive and systematic evidence collection, self-creation evidence through work, strict evaluation of evidence and uses this basis as work guidance.

循证管理更加重视全面系统地收集证据、通过自身的工作积累创造证据、严格地评价证据，并以此为基础指导工作。

As of Tuesday, Google's results were still censored in China.

截至周二，谷歌的搜索结果仍受中国审查。

In order to make the positive action increase and negative one decrease, the sub-forces of the social factors must be adjusted to form a centripetal force.

在这一过程中，人的主体性发挥是社会有机体健康发展的灵魂。