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Biomass and WUE1 of wheat with R chromosome set is largest in all diploidy material, and that with B chromosome set is least in all diploidy material. Meanwhile, the root growth of wheat with A and B chromosome set is largest, and that with D chromosome set is least in all diploid material.

N、P影响了干旱下玉米叶片的气体交换能力，表现为提高了干旱下玉米叶片的气孔导度和光合速率，且N的作用要大于P的作用；N具有同时降低玉米叶片光合作用的气孔和非气孔限制的作用，而P提高玉米光合则主要是由于降低了干旱下的非气孔限制。

This text is mainly about the analysis of the palindromes of Y chromosome. We mainly used DOTTER program for detailed comparison of two sequences to obtain these results. The main contents are as follows:Chapter one mainly introduces the whole characteristics of human Y chromosome;Chapter two mainly describes the characteristics, functions and recombination modes of the palindromes in Y chromosome;Chapter three mainly analyses the symmetries of 8 palindromes of Y chromosome, we find a mechanism of symmetry breaking in P2 palindrome from a detailed analysis;initially introduces other 7 palindromes.

本文主要借助于DOTTER程序对Y染色体的回文序列进行分析，主要内容如下：第一章主要介绍人类Y染色体的整体特征；第二章主要描述Y染色体中回文序列的特征、功能及重组模式；第三章主要是对Y染色体8个回文序列的对称性分析，主要对P2回文进行了详细分析，提出了P2回文的对称性发生破缺的机理；对其他7个回文进行了初步分析。

This text is mainly about the analysis of the palindromes of Y chromosome. We mainly used DOTTER program for detailed comparison of two sequences to obtain these results. The main contents are as follows:Chapter one mainly introduces the whole characteristics of human Y chromosome;Chapter two mainly describes the characteristics, functions andrecombination modes of the palindromes in Y chromosome;Chapter three mainly analyses the symmetries of 8 palindromes of Y chromosome, we find a mechanism of symmetry breaking in P2 palindrome from a detailed analysis;initially introduces other 7 palindromes.

本文主要借助于DOTTER程序对Y染色体的回文序列进行分析，主要内容如下：第一章主要介绍人类Y染色体的整体特征；第二章主要描述Y染色体中回文序列的特征、功能及重组模式；第三章主要是对Y染色体8个回文序列的对称性分析，主要对P2回文进行了详细分析，提出了P2回文的对称性发生破缺的机理；对其他7个回文进行了初步分析。

The result is: out of 187 cases of azoospermia, 77(41.18%)patients with abnormal chromosome(number and structural aberration); heteromorphic chromosome(Y chromosome polymorphisms and pericentric inversion of 9) and 46,XX sex reversal. Out of 30 cases of severe oligospermia, 4 patients with abnormal chromosome(structural aberration and 46,XX sex reversal).

发现187例无精症患者中检出异常核型77例（41.18%）（其中46，XY，t(6；14)(p21；p13)，46，XY，t(8；12)(p21；q24)为世界首报核型），主要涉及染色体异常；染色体异态（Y染色体异态和9号染色体臂间倒位）及46，XX性反转；30例严重少精症患者中检出异常核型4例（13.33%）（结构异常和46，XX性反转）。

This experiment works on:1.prepare marrow cell chromosome samples;2.take pictures of chromosome in karyon by lens-check;3.Measure the length of chromosome short arm and long arm,calculate the relative length of frog chromosome and the arm index and the position of centromere,with the leven method of outside-body karyon pattern analysis.

本实验制备了骨髓细胞的染色体标本，并且通过镜检拍下一个细胞核中染色体的照片，用leven方法进行体外核型分析，测量每条染色体的长臂长与短臂长，并计算出青蛙染色体的相对长度，臂指数和着丝粒。

They are often morphologically distinct from A chromosomes, being smallerand more highly heterochromatic in most cases. B chromosomes do not pair with Achromosomes, and they are inherited in a non-Mendelian way, exhibiting meiotic andmitotic instability and nondisjunction. However, B chromosome DNA is quiteidentical to the corresponding sequence on the A chromosome complement. So far afew B chromosome specific DNA sequence have been identified. Specific DNAsequences on B chromosome have been the attractive research area on Bchromosomes.

现已在千余种植物和近三百种动物中被发现。B染色体与物种中正常染色体不同：独立于整倍体基因组之外，减数分裂时不与A染色体发生联会和配对，细胞分裂后期不分离，非孟德尔遗传，富含异染色质，不含对宿主主要性状有影响的基因等。B染色体DNA的分子组成既与A染色体极为相似，具有A染色体DNA分子组成的一般特征：富含重复序列和转座成分，染色体三大功能组件DNA高度同源；又与之相区别，含有B染色体特异的DNA序列，这些DNA序列可以为探讨B染色体的起源和进化提供有价值的信息。

The quadrivalent was made of the normal 11 chromosome, the normal 18 chromosome, the translocated 11; 18 chromosome and the translocated 18; 11 chromosome.

精母细胞中SC分析，在早粗线期、中粗线期和晚粗线期精母细胞中，均发现22个常染色体SC和一个XY-二价体，即23个二价体；未发现22个二价体和一个单价体细胞，说明这条rob（21q；21q）染色体的两个臂完全配对形成发夹结构，形态上与正常SC一样，但与正常21号SC相比，其相对长度变短，由正常的1.5±0.1变为1.25±0.05。

In the BC〓F〓 and BC〓F〓 generation of Yannong15×Thinopyron intermedium hybrid, 4 octoploids which had chromosome number of 2n=56 and could form 28 bivalent at PMC MI, 14 disomic addition lines which had chromosome number of 2n=44 and could form 22 bivalent at PMC MI; three monosomic addition lines which had chromosome number 2n=43 and had the chromosome configuration of 21Ⅱ+1Ⅰ at PMC MI, 1 substitution line which had chromosome number 2n=42 and could form 21 bivalent at PMC MI were selected by observation of mitosis in root tip cell and meiosis in pollen mother cell.

在烟农15与中间偃麦草杂交的BC〓F〓和BC〓F〓代中，通过根尖有丝分裂和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ观察选出4个2n=56，PMC MI染色体构型为28Ⅱ的八倍体小偃麦；14个2n=44，PMC MI染色体构型为22Ⅱ的双体异附加系；3个2n=43，PMC MI染色体构型为21Ⅱ+1Ⅰ的单体异附加系；1个2n=42，PMC MI染色体构型为21Ⅱ的异代换系。

X chromosome was a large submetacentric chromosome. Y chromosome was a small metacentric chromosome.The relative length of chromosome was measured by AutoCAD software. The relative length of autosomes ranged from 1.545% to 4.921% in Yanbian yellow cattle and from 1.637% to 5.855% in Liyan hybrid cattle.

结果表明，延边黄牛和利延杂交牛二倍体染色体数目2n=60，公牛核型为2n=60，XY，母牛为2n=60，XX，其中29对常染色体均为端着丝粒染色体，X染色体为较大的亚中着丝粒染色体，Y染色体为较小的中着丝粒染色体。

It was found that the chromosomes involved in translocation were chromosome 10 and 11 in stead of chromosome 9 and 12 as being compared with the karyotype of Nipponbare.So we consider that the chromosome 9 and 12 in the present rice chromosome numbering system could be chromosome 10 and 11 according to their length,arm ratio and the relationship with nucleolus.

结果表明，该易位系的易位染色体并非第9和第12染色体，而是第10和第11染色体，从而认为目前国际上统一编号的第9、12染色体，根据染色体的实际长度可能分别为第10、11染色体。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。