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In order to reveal clearly the genetic character of the dwarfing polish wheat, artificial crossing, cytological and morphological studies were carried out in present study. In addition, the chromosomal location of dwarfing and long glume character of dwarfing polish wheat was studied by means of Langdon monosomic analysis.

本试验：(1)通过矮秆波兰小麦与8个来源不同或染色体组组成不同的小麦属材料杂交，对杂种F_1进行细胞遗传学分析；(2)采用单体分析法，对矮秆波兰小麦的矮秆、长颖基因进行了基因定位。

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

Formation of mating pairs, nicking of the F oriT sequence, and transfer of the 5' end of a single strand of F DNA proceed as in transfer of the F plasmid. Therefore, Part of the plasmid is transferred first, Chromosomal genes are transferred next, and the rest of the plasmid is transferred last.

雌雄菌的交配、F质粒oriT处缺口的形成、以及由单链F DNA5'末端开始转移的过程都与F质粒的转移相同，因此，首先转移的是部分质粒片段，其次是染色体基因，剩余的质粒片段最后被转移。

Chromosomal abnormality and DAZ gene deletion are closely related to the spermatogenesis impediment, and they are important reasons for azoospermia and oligospermia.

染色体异常和DAZ基因缺失与生精障碍密切相关，是无精、少精的重要原因。

This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution.

这次全面分析包含了三种动物的基因组序列和蛋白产物以及它们与人类疾病相关性分析，重复序列，哺乳动物同源染色体区域和重排断点的比较基因组研究，祖先核型的重建，产生现有种群的事件，变异率以及种系特异和不依赖种系的事件如基因家族扩展，同源关系以及蛋白进化。人类19号染色体序列被破译了。

This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution.

这次全面分析包含了三种动物的基因组序列和蛋白产物以及它们与人类疾病相关性分析，重复序列，哺乳动物同源染色体区域和重排断点的比较基因组研究，祖先核型的重建，产生现有种群的事件，变异率以及种系特异和不依赖种系的事件如基因家族扩展，同源关系以及蛋白进化。生物谷评论：人类19号染色体序列被破译了。

There were some characteristic sequences flanking the genomic breakpoints of SYT, SSX1 and SSX2. These sequences included Alu sequences, Translin recognition sequences, topoisomerase Ⅱ recognition sites and palindromic sequences. These sequences are speculative to be associated with chromosomal translocation of synovial sarcoma.

在SYT，SSX1和SSX2基因组断裂点旁存在一些特征性序列，包括Alu序列、易位素识别序列、拓扑异构酶Ⅱ识别位点、回文序列等，可能与滑膜肉瘤染色体易位有关。

The chromosomal constitution and stability in parthenogenic maize plants induced by chemical treatment were studied.

对化学药剂诱导玉米孤雌生殖获得的植株的染色体组成及其稳定性进行了研究。

The common patrilineal ancestor of all humans alive today has been dubbed Y-chromosomal Adam.

今天所有人类的共同父系祖先已经被授予了Y染色体亚当的称号。

Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of the Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilinear most recent common ancestor.

线粒体夏娃是人类最亲近的共同父系祖先——Y染色体亚当的女性配偶。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。