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According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

When talking about the period when the teacher-training system tries to follow the American model the author expounds the change from a close model to an open one and the measures taken to safeguard the system, including: a series of Americanizing measures during American occupation period, for example: an open system for teacher-training, teachers certificate system, the promulgation of a public servant special law on system education etc. The author also summarizes the merits and defects of the open teacher-training system and points out the reasons why defects produce.

美国化时期教师教育阐述了定向型向开放型师资培养体制的转变，以及为了更好的维护新体制而采取的措施，包括以下几方面：在美军占领下所实施的一系列美国化政策，如实行开放型教师培养、确立教员许可证制度、颁布《教育公务员特例法》等，并总结了开放型师资培养体制的优缺点，同时剖析了缺点产生的原因。

The drastic measure of amputating the entire leg; drastic social change brought about by the French Revolution.

截除整条腿的极端措施；法国革命带来的剧烈的社会变动

I would just hope for my country to change and become rich, big and powerful, for people to stop suffering from hunger, stop worrying about diseases and the great powers' browbeats.

我只希望自己的国家变得富有，强大，人们不再挨饿，不受疾病的困扰，不受列强的欺负。

Where through hardness and the maxium strength associateed with it are not necessary,it may be more economical to gain the needed surface qualities by a casehardening process.Casehardening involves a change of surface properties to produce ahard,wear-resistant shell about atough,fracture-resistant core.

凡通过硬度和最大强度的地方与产品的关联不是很有必要的话，为了获得所需要的表面品质，由硬度加强进程可能会更符合经济效益，硬度加强涉及改变表面性质，涉及产生耐磨材料壳，裂痕抗核心。

He championed the cause of renewables by warning in the strongest terms about climate change.

他用最 严厉的措辞警示气候变化的危害，以声援再生能源事业。

He championed the cause of renewables by warning in the strongest terms about climate change.

me：他通过警告气候变化最强烈的时候，支持可再生能源事业的原因。

DATA SELECTION: Literatures about the comparison of bone density and bone metabolic change between inhaled GC group and control group were consorted deleting randomized controlled trial so as to look up the whole content of healthy controls;While patients in the treatment group received GC inhalation.

研究对象为服用糖皮质激素的成年男性和绝经前女性哮喘患者。资料选择：选取试验包括吸入糖皮质激素治疗组和对照组的骨密度、骨代谢变化比较的相关文献，进行初审，删除明显不随机临床试验的研究，然后查找余下的文献全文，进一步判断是否为 RCT。纳入标准：① RCT，无论是否为单盲、双盲或非盲法；②平行对照组，即未使用激素的哮喘患者或健康对照；治疗组为吸入激素的哮喘患者。

But there are those who worry that by speaking to young children about climate change we could risk encouraging a sense of inertia, either by leaving them paralysed with fear, or cosseting them with reassuring talk of switching off phone chargers when we know that it won't make a blind bit of difference.

但是，也有人担心，告诉孩子气候变化的问题有可能会助长孩子们踌躇不前的心态，要么使他们由于害怕而举足不前，要么我们大人用拔掉电话充电器这样的话来宽慰他们，尽管我们知道这么做半点用处都没有。

DATA SYNTHESIS: Although there are some differences in the results between human studies and animal studies about the change of bone mineral density after detraining or reducing exercise, both of them get the same conclusion, that is, the bone mass gained by exercise in growth period will be maintaining if persisting appropriate exercise after detraining training.

资料综合：关于停训后和运动量减少后骨密度的变化，一些人体研究和动物研究结果存在一定的差异，但两种研究方法均揭示，停训后坚持一定量运动可以使生长期运动所获得的增加骨量得以维持。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。