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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

However, to dream about armageddon now is usually a deep-rooted fear that your world is about to change dramatically.

不过，有关世界末日的梦想，现在通常是一种根深蒂固的恐惧，您的世界即将发生重大变化。

It is about using your privileged status to bring about positive change in society.

它是关于使用你的特权地位来实现社会的积极的变化。

You know we are going to work closely and we are going to consult with Indonesia for ideas about how best to bring about positive change in Burma.

你知道，我们准备进一步合作。我们将与印尼磋商，听取他们的意见，寻找推动缅甸改革的最佳途径。

Marry a person who likes talking; because when you get old, you'll find that chatting[13] to be a great advantage; Find time for yourself. Life will change what you are but not who you are; Remember that silence is golden; Read more books and watch less television; Live a noble and honest life. Reviving[14] past times in your old age will help you to enjoy your life again; Trust God, but don't forget to lock the door; The harmonizing[15] atmosphere of a family is valuable; Try your best to let family harmony flow smoothly; When you quarrel with a close friend, talk about the main dish, don't quibble[16] over the appetizers[17]; You cannot hold onto yesterday; Figure out the meaning of someone's words; Share your knowledge to continue a timeless tradition; Treat our earth in a friendly way, don't fool around[18] with mother nature[19]; Do the thing you shod do; Don't trust a lover who kisses you without closing their eyes; Go to a place you've never been to every year. If you earn much money, the best way to spend it is on charitable deeds while you are alive; Remember, not all the best harvest is luck; Understand res completely and change them reasonably; Remember, the best love is to love others unconditionally rather than make demands on them; Comment[20] on the success you have attained[21] by looking in the past at the target you wanted to achieve most; In love and cooking, you must give 100% effort… but expect little appreciation.

找一个你爱聊的人结婚；因为年纪大了后，你会发觉喜欢聊天是一个人最大的优点；找点时间，单独呆会儿；欣然接受改变，但不要摒弃你的个人理念；记住：缄默沉静是金；多观点书，少观点电视；过一种高尚而诚实的生活当你年老时来回想起过去，你就能再一次享受人生相信上帝，但是别忘了锁门；家庭的融洽氛围是难能可贵的；尽你的能力让家平顺和谐；当你和你的亲近的人吵嘴时候，试着就事论事，不要扯出那些陈芝麻、烂谷子的事；不要摆脱不了昨天；多注重言下之意；和别人分享你的知识，那才是永恒之道；善待我们的地球，不要愚弄自然母亲；做自己该做的事；不要相信接吻时从不闭眼的伴侣；每年至少去一个你从没去过的地方如果你赚了很多钱，在活着的时候多行善事，这是你能得到的最好往返报；记住有时候，不是最好的收获也是一种好运；深刻理解所有的规则，合理地更新他们；记住，最好的爱存在于对别人的爱胜于对别人的索求之上；来回头观观你发誓取得的目标，然后评价你到底有多成功；无论是烹饪不是爱情，都用百分之百的负责态度对待，但是不要乞求太多的往返报很抱歉，因为您在网易相册发布了违规信息，账号被屏蔽被屏蔽期间他人无法访问您的相册

Iron and steel materials to apply a wide range of reasons, first of all, the ingredients can be used to span, and from close to non-carbon content of pure iron to about 4% of cast iron, alloy, in this context, the phase structure and microstructure are great change; In addition, a variety of thermal processing is to process, in particular, metal heat treatment technology, a substantial change in composition and properties of alloys.

钢铁材料适用范围广阔的原因，首先在于可用的成分跨度大，从近于无碳的工业纯铁到含碳4％左右的铸铁，在此范围内合金的相结构和微观组织都发生很大的变化；另外，还在于可采用各种热加工工艺，尤其金属热处理技术，大幅度地改变某一成分合金的组织和性能。

But aren't we, as educators, the springboards of change - at least to inspire if not instil the values that will bring about change?

身为教育工作者和促进改变的推动力，如果我们不能把求变的观念灌输给学生，至少也得发挥一点启发的作用。

But aren't we, as educators, the springboards of change - at least to inspire if not instill the values that will bring about change?

身为教育工作者和促进改变的推动力，如果我们不能把求变的观念灌输给学生，至少也得发挥一点启发的作用。

But aren't we, as educator s, the springboards of change - at least to inspire if not instill the values that will bring about change?

身为教育工作者和促进改变的推动力，如果我们不能把求变的观念灌输给学生，至少也得发挥一点启发的作用。

But ar 't we, as educators, the springboards of change - at least to inspire if not instill the values that will bring about change?

身为教育工作者和促进改变的推动力，如果我们不能把求变的观念灌输给学生，至少也得发挥一点启发的作用。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。