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As a transduction channel in a number of sensory modalities, TRPA1 expressing in heterogonous systems serves to provide great convenience in pharmacological analysis and functional investigation. Due to cellular toxicity, establishment of stable TRPA1 cell line has always been challenging.

建立TRPA1异源表达系统将为药理分析及功能研究提供很大的便利，但是TRPA1的表达会引发细胞毒性，因此构建TRPA1稳定细胞系一直面临着挑战。

As a transduction channel in a number of sensory modalities, TRPAl expressing in heterogonous systems serves to provide great convenience in pharmacological analysis and functional investigation. Due to cellular toxicity, establishment of stable TRPAl cell line has always been challenging.

建立TRPAl异源表达系统将为药理分析及功能研究提供很大的便利，但是TRPAl的表达会引发细胞毒性，因此构建TRPAl稳定细胞系一直面临着挑战。

To evaluate the efficacy of the recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine against the heterotype IBV, the chickens were challenged with the homotype IBV LX4 strain and the heterotype IBV LTJ95I strain after three weeks post vaccination. Antibodies against IBV were detected in vaccinated chickens one week post inoculation. The CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased rapidly in all groups challenged with IBV, except for the vaccinated group challenged by heterotype strain and the low level of CD4+ T-lymphocytes remained until end of the experiment. In all the groups, a high level of CD8+ T-lymphocytes only was observed in the vaccinated group after challenging with IBVhomotype strain. The morbidity and the mortality of this group were 21.43 % and 0 %, respectively, which showed significant difference with other groups. In addition, the lesions of chickens and virus shedding were less in the vaccinated group challenged by IBV homotype strain comparing with other groups, but there was no difference for the average body weight of chickens in all groups.

结果显示，重组疫苗接种1周后，免疫鸡产生抗IBV的抗体；而且外周血中CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞的含量略高于非免疫对照组；攻毒后，异源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD4+ T淋巴细胞呈下降趋势，并且该组低水平CD4+的状态一直持续到试验结束，而其他组CD4+ T淋巴细胞均迅速上升，峰值达到14.5 %；同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD8+ T淋巴细胞呈高水平的表达，而其他组攻毒后均无明显变化；保护率结果显示，同源强毒株攻毒免疫组的发病率和死亡率为21.43 %和0 %，与其他各组相比均有显著差异；另外同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组病理损伤与异源强毒株攻毒的试验组相比明显减轻，其排毒时间和排毒量也均有所减少；强毒攻毒后所有试验组体重无显著差异。

Older hydromechanical controls had to be trimmed to operate at the most challenging point within the F-16's flight envelope.

老式的液压控制在F-16飞行包线的大多数关键点上都不得不进行调整。

A systematic convergence tests for hyperspherical potential curves, channel functions, are performed to assess the validity and efficiency. The challenging three-body problem with complex channel-coupling is solved efficiently and accurately. Accurate ground-state energy, structure parameters, and rotantion constants for Ar2Kr and Ar3 are obtained and compared to other theoretical values in the literatures.

系统研究了超球势曲线、道函数的特征与收敛性；实现了有复杂多通道耦合时重惰性原子三聚体的精确求解，得到了Ar2Kr和Ar3惰性原子三聚体精确的基态能量、结构参数及转动常数，并与文献结果进行了比较。

Based on the smash hit RealArcade PC game, the mobile version of Inspheration includes an exciting, brand new "Minimizer" game mode with 33 unique and challenging levels.

宝石之心是Puzzle Lab的一款最新力作，虽然画面初看上去和普通的消除游戏没有太多分别，不过这款游戏有着创新的游戏方式和独特的内涵。

Antecedent trial, SAINT I, and the critical commentary stimulated by it, which called attention to its interpretively challenging primary outcome measure—a shift in the full-scale modified Rankin scale score—and to other statistical shortcomings;(2) the cogency of the STAIR recommendations, to which the development of NXY-059 closely adhered; and (3) the inherent physiochemical shortcomings of NXY-059 as a neuroprotective agent—its polar, nonlipophilic nature, poor blood– brain barrier penetrability, nonphysiological oxidation potential, and low potency.

应注意SAINT I期试验有争议的结局指标以及统计方法的缺陷；（2）NXY-059试验严格遵守STAIR推荐；（3）NXY-059作为神经保护剂固有的生理生化性质的缺陷：该药的极性、非脂溶性、较差的血脑屏障穿透性、无生理性的氧化能力以及低效价。

Chinas having been in the WTO and the expansion of joint-stock commercial banks are challenging the invigorative system.

中国入世和股份制商业银行的扩张，正对国有商业银行的这种激励体制形成极大的挑战。

Accordingly, predicting earthquake before its occurrence becomes a world-class difficult problem, challenging mankind's wisdom and inwit.

从两千年前张衡的《地震对策》到今日日本的《地震对策方案》，均反映了人们对地震灾害的确严重关切及所能采取地防震减灾措施；但对其预测预报，仍是不得其门而入，特别是震前预报更是世界级的难题，考验着人类的智慧和良知。

Catalytic asymmetricα-addtion of isocyanide to polarized multiple bond is a challenging research field, and only few successful examples have been reported so far.

异腈对极化多重键的不对称催化α-加成反应是富有挑战性的研究领域，目前为止，仅有为数不多的成功范例。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。