查询词典 caste system

Caste identity has been sustained and reproduced by caste endogamy, and so are the caste hierarchical values. That's why caste is not the same as ethnicity, though the latter might hint the direction that the former will evolve.

种姓内婚制不仅再生产种姓身份，也是种姓等级价值的隐居之处，这使种姓还不能等同于族群，尽管后者可能是它的方向。

One is a hierarchy of endogamous status groups –castes - constituted by rules of propriety and a division of labour among castes, a hierarchy from the lowest to the highest, the most polluted to the purest, in which aspiration to rise in the hierarchy can be realised by caste, or sub-caste mobility, through domination converted into caste, or by acquiring higher caste accomplishment and changing or disguising one's natal status.

一个是族内婚姻群体阶序——种姓制度——各种姓间要遵循等级适当原则和劳动等级分工。该阶序从最底等级到最高等级，最污浊等级到最纯洁等级。在该阶序中，等级上升的愿望可以通过种姓或亚种姓的改变而实现。改变种姓或亚种姓的方法有通过正式的皈依进入种姓，或者取得较高种姓的成就，以及改变或隐瞒其天生的等级地位。

The traditional standpoint thinks the Caste System must be abolished completely a period of time in future because it is the draff of traditional culture.In the conclusion part, this viewpoint is rejected. Because the Caste System is a kind of social construction and values system, it is impossible to abolish the Caste System.

传统观点认为，种姓制度因其落后性在未来一段时间内会被作为传统文化中的糟粕而全面废除，在结论部分，文章批驳了这种论断，认为种姓制度是一种社会组织结构和价值体系，从价值观角度讲，种姓制度是不可能被消灭的。

We are concerned with whether the outcaste should enter the temple or not; we want to break down this particular caste, and in the very breaking down of one caste we create another, a 'superior' caste; so we remain prisoners, and there is no freedom in prison.

社会影响我们大家，它一直在塑造我们的思想，这种从外而来的社会压力逐渐变成我们内在的一部分，但是不论它穿透得多深，它仍然是来自于外在的，如果你不从外在的限制中突破，就得不到真正内在的东西。

Development and differentiation of various caste s in the immature stage of Reticulitermes chinensis;2. Research progress on the social insect caste differentiation correlated genes.;3. Also the caste s were an important factor influencing the division of labour.

本文对台湾乳白蚁的打洞挖掘行为、取水行为、修饰行为和交哺行为进行了比较详细的定量分析，探讨了年龄和品级对台湾乳白蚁群体中行为多型的影响。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- wher the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- where the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

He was born at the schedule caste family of the lowest stratification of Hindu society, and had been ruthlessly persecuted and discriminated by the Caste system and Untouchability .

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar，1891-1956年）是近代印度史上最杰出的政治家、社会改革家、思想家、佛教复兴领袖、印度宪法起草者及不可接触者领袖。

In article's first part, the origin and characteristic of Caste are taken into summarized and defined, the process lengthways of the Caste System in India society is discussed on the basis of analyses.

文章的第一部分，首先对种姓的起源与特征加以界定和总结，并论述了种姓制在印度社会的纵向演变过程。

Thirdly, in the Caste System itself, some principles of Caste have super ages' meanings.

种姓的基本原理之一是根据人的不同性质从事不同的职业和享有不同的地位。

But this is impossible, as long as it is engaging in a market economy, there are risks in any operation.

但是，这是不可能的，只要是搞市场经济，是有风险的任何行动。

We're on the same wavelength.

我们是同道中人。